1、Designation: D 1356 05Standard Terminology Relating toSampling and Analysis of Atmospheres1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1356; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num
2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology is a collective vocabulary relating tosampling and analysis of atmospheres. As a convenience togeneral interest, it cont
3、ains most of the standard terms,definitions, and nomenclature under the jurisdiction of Com-mittee D22.1.2 Many of the entries in this terminology are copied (withattribution) from the standards of origin referenced in Section2. The standards of origin are noted in bold type at the rightmargin of th
4、e applicable definition.1.3 Certain terms in the common language that comprisemultiple concepts are included herein with the definitionspecific to standards and practices of Committee D22.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the AmbientAtmosphereD 3
5、249 Practice for General Ambient Air Analyzer Proce-duresD 3614 Guide for Laboratories Engaged in Sampling andAnalysis of Atmospheres and EmissionsD 3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface AtmosphericPressureD 3670 Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias ofMethods of Committee D22D 3686 Practi
6、ce for Sampling Atmospheres to Collect Or-ganic Compound Vapors (Activated Charcoal Tube Ad-sorption Method)D 3687 Practice for Analysis of Organic Compound VaporsCollected by the Activated Charcoal Tube AdsorptionMethodD 4023 Terminology Relating to Humidity Measurements3D 4096 Test Method for Dete
7、rmination of Total SuspendedParticulate Matter in the Atmosphere (High-Volume Sam-pler Method)D 4240 Test Method for Airborne Asbestos Concentrationin Workplace Atmosphere3D 4298 Guide for Intercomparing Permeation Tubes toEstablish TraceabilityD 5011 Practices for Calibration of Ozone Monitors Usin
8、gTransfer StandardsD 5015 Test Method for pH ofAtmospheric Wet DepositionSamples by Electrometric DeterminationD 5096 Test Method for Determining the Performance of aCup Anemometer or Propeller AnemometerD 5111 Guide for Choosing Locations and Sampling Meth-ods to Monitor Atmospheric Deposition at N
9、on-UrbanLocationsD 5366 Test Method for Determining the Dynamic Perfor-mance of a Wind VaneD 5438 Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for ChemicalAnalysisD 5466 Test Method for Determination of Volatile OrganicChemicals in Atmospheres (Canister Sampling Methodol-ogy)D 5527 Practices for Measuring
10、Surface Wind and Tem-perature by Acoustic MeansD 6196 Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, andThermal Desorption AnalysisE 104 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidityby Means of Aqueous Solutions3. Terminologyabsolute temperatureSee temperature.absolute filterSee filter.absorban
11、ce, nthe logarithm to the base of 10 of thereciprocal of transmittance.absorbate, nmaterial that has been retained by the processof absorption.absorbent, nmaterial in which absorption occurs.absorption, na process in which one material (the absor-bent) takes up and retains another (the absorbate) wi
12、th theformation of an homogeneous mixture having the attributesof a solution.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on AirQuality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.01 on Quality Control.Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originally
13、approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 1356 - 00a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe A
14、STM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.DISCUSSIONChemical reaction may accompany or follow absorp-tion.acceptance angle (6a, deg), nthe angular distance, cen-tered on the array axis of symmetry, over w
15、hich thefollowing conditions are met: (a) wind components areunambiguously defined, and (b) flow across the transducersis unobstructed or remains within the angular range forwhich transducer shadow corrections are defined. D 5527accrediting authority, na body that evaluates the capabilityof a testin
16、g agency or an inspection agency, or both, incertain specific fields of activity. D 3614accretion, na phenomenon consisting of the increase in sizeof particles by the process of external additions.accuracy, nthe degree of conformity of a value generated bya specific procedure to the assumed or accep
17、ted true valueand includes both precision and bias. D 3670acoustic pathlength (d, (m), nthe physical distance be-tween transducer transmitter-receiver pairs. D 5527activated charcoal, nactivated charcoal refers to properlyconditioned coconut-shell charcoal. D 3686adsorbate, nmaterial that has been r
18、etained by the processof adsorption.adsorbent, nsolid material on the surface of which adsorp-tion takes place.adsorption, na physical process in which molecules of gas,of dissolved substances, or of liquids, adhere in an extremelythin layer to the surfaces of solid bodies with which they arein cont
19、act.aerosol, na dispersion of solid or liquid particles in agaseous medium.agency, nan organization or part of an organization engagedin the activities of testing or inspection, or both. D 3614agglomeration, na process of contact and adhesion wherebythe particles of a dispersion form clusters of inc
20、reasing size.air at normal conditions (standard air), nair at 50 %relative humidity, 25C and 101.3 kPa (77F and 760 mmHg). See also atmosphere.air pollution, nthe presence of unwanted material in the air.DISCUSSIONThe term unwanted material here refers to material insufficient concentrations, presen
21、t for a sufficient time, and undercircumstances to interfere significantly with comfort, health, or welfareof persons, or with the full use and enjoyment of property.aliquot, na representative portion of the whole that can beexpressed as the inverse of an integer.ambient, adjsurrounding on all sides
22、.analyzer, nthe instrumental equipment necessary to performautomatic analysis of ambient air through the use of physicaland chemical properties and giving either cyclic or continu-ous output signal. D 3249analyzer system, nall sampling, analyzing, and readoutinstrumentation required to perform ambie
23、nt air qualityanalysis automatically. D 3249full scale, nthe maximum measuring limit for a givenrange of an analyzer. D 3249lag time, nthe time interval from a step change in the inputconcentration at the analyzer inlet to the first correspondingchange in the analyzer signal readout. D 3249linearity
24、, nthe maximum deviation between an actualanalyzer reading and the reading predicted by a straight linedrawn between upper and lower calibration points.DISCUSSIONThis deviation is expressed as a percentage of full scale.D 3249minimum detection limit, nthe smallest input concentra-tion that can be de
25、termined as the concentration approacheszero. D 3249noise, nrandom deviations from a mean output not causedby sample concentration changes. D 3249open path analyzer, nan analytical system that measuresthe average atmospheric or emission compound concentra-tion along one or more monitoring paths open
26、 to theatmosphere. See monitoring path.operating humidity range of analyzer, nthe range ofambient relative humidity of air surrounding the analyzer,over which the analyzer will meet all performance specifi-cations. D 3249operating temperature range of analyzer, nthe range ofambient temperatures of a
27、ir surrounding the analyzer, overwhich the monitor will meet all performance specifications.D 3249operational period, nthe period of time over which theanalyzer can be expected to operate unattended withinspecifications. D 3249output, na signal that is related to the measurement, andintended for con
28、nection to a readout or data acquisitiondevice.DISCUSSIONUsually this is an electrical signal expressed as milli-volts or milliamperes full scale at a given impedance. D 3249range, nthe concentration region between the minimumand maximum measurable limits. D 3249readout instrumentation, noutput mete
29、rs, recorder, or dataacquisition system for monitoring analytical results.D 3249response time, nthe time interval from a step change in theinput concentration at the analyzer inlet to an output readingof 90 % of the ultimate reading. D 3249rise time, nresponse time minus lag time. D 3249sample syste
30、m, nequipment necessary to provide theanalyzer with a continuous representative sample. D 3249span drift, nthe change in analyzer output over a statedtime period, usually 24 h of unadjusted continuous opera-tion, when the input concentration is at a constant, statedupscale value.DISCUSSIONSpan drift
31、 is usually expressed as a percentage changeof full scale over a 24-h operational period. D 3249zero drift, nthe change in analyzer output over a statedtime period of unadjusted continuous operation when theinput concentration is zero; usually expressed as a percent-age change of full scale over a 2
32、4-h operational period.D 3249See also point analyzer.analyzer systemSee analyzer.D 1356 052arrester, na term for an air cleaning device.aspirated psychrometerSee psychrometer.aspirator, nany apparatus such as a squeeze bulb, fan,pump, or venturi that produces a movement of a fluid bysuction.atmosphe
33、re, nthe gaseous envelope which surrounds theearth and includes ambient air, indoor air, and workplace air.See also air at normal conditions.synthetic atmosphere, na specific gaseous mass containingany number of constituents and in any proportion producedfor a special purpose.backdrafting, nthe reve
34、rsal of the normal (upward) direc-tion of air flow in a vent for a vented combustion appliance(boiler, fireplace, furnace, or water heater), when the ventedappliance is operating.bias, na systematic (nonrandom) deviation of the methodaverage value or the measured value from an accepted value.D 3670l
35、aboratory bias, nsystematic differences between the truevalue and a value reported by a laboratory due to errors ofapplication such as losses, contamination, miscalibration,and faulty manipulations, for example. D 3670method bias, nsystematic departures of the limiting meanfrom the true value of the
36、 parameter measured caused byphysical or chemical phenomena inherent in the methodol-ogy. D 3670breathing zone, nthat location in the atmosphere at whichpersons breathe.bubbler, na sampling device consisting of a gas disperserimmersed in an absorbing liquid.fritted bubbler, na bubbler having a frit
37、as the gasdisperser.candidate method, nan analytical method or measurementprocess being considered for standardization.DISCUSSIONA method is a candidate until completion of all phasesof the consensus process specified byASTM regulations for a proposal,an emergency standard, or a standard. D 3670casc
38、ade impactorSee impactor.carpet-embedded dustSee dust.chemisorption, nadsorption, especially when irreversible,by means of chemical forces in contrast with physical forces.chimney effect, na phenomenon consisting of a verticalmovement of a localized mass of air or other gases due totemperature diffe
39、rences.cloud, nany collection of particulate matter in the atmo-sphere dense enough to be perceptible to the eye, especiallya collection of water drops.cloud water, nan aggregate of condensed water vapor orice crystals that are suspended in the atmosphere.DISCUSSIONCloud water droplet sizes are typi
40、cally less than thoseof precipitation, measuring between 1 and 100 m in diameter.D 5111cloud waterSee cloud.coalescence, na process by which the particles of a disper-sion combine into one body.collaborative test, nan interlaboratory study of a testmethod wherein the participants analyze or make mea
41、sure-ments on subsamples of the same test material.DISCUSSIONIf the test method includes the sampling of atmo-spheres, the participants should sample the same test atmosphere, aspossible. D 3670collection effciencySee efficiency.collector, na device for removing and retaining contami-nants from air
42、or other gases.DISCUSSIONUsually this term is applied to cleaning devices inexhaust systems.colorimeter, nan instrument used for color measurementbased on optical comparison with standard bustion system downdrafting, nthe reversal of theordinary (upward) direction of air flow in a combustionsystem w
43、hen vented combustion appliances are not operat-ing.DISCUSSIONThe term “cold backdrafting” is used synonymouslywith combustion system bustion system spillage, nentry of combustion productsinto a building, caused by backdrafting, vent blockage, or aleaky heat exchanger.concentration, nthe quantity of
44、 a substance contained in atotal unit quantity of sample.mass concentration, nconcentration expressed in terms ofmass of substance per unit volume of gas or liquid.ppb(v), na unit of measure of the concentration of gases inair expressed as parts of the gas per billion (109) parts of theair-gas mixtu
45、re, both by volume.ppm(v), na unit of measure of the concentration of gasesin air expressed as parts of the gas per million parts of theair-gas mixture, both by volume.vapor concentration, nconcentration expressed in terms ofgaseous volume of substance per unit volume of air or othergas usually expr
46、essed in percent or parts per million byvolume. See also absolute humidity.volume concentration, nconcentration expressed in termsof gaseous volume of substance per unit volume of air orother gas usually expressed in percent or parts per million.condensate, nliquid or solid matter formed by condensa
47、tionfrom the vapor phase.DISCUSSIONIn sampling, the term is applied to the components ofan atmosphere which have been isolated by simple cooling.condensation, nthe process of converting a material in thegaseous phase to a liquid or solid state by decreasingtemperature or by increasing pressure, or b
48、oth.DISCUSSIONUsually in air sampling only cooling is used.condensation samplingSee sampling.condensoid, nthe particles of a dispersion formed by con-densation.constant flow high-volume samplerSee sampler.contaminant, na material added by human or naturalactivities which may, in sufficient concentra
49、tions, render theatmosphere unacceptable.DISCUSSIONContaminants refer to gases, vapors, mists, aerosols,fumes, particles, or dusts, and so forth, that are airborne. The term doesD 1356 053not apply to elements that make up the components of the earthsatmosphere, such as nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and so forth. D 1357continuous samplingSee sampling.controlled-pore filterSee filter.count median size, na measurement of particle size ofsamples of particulate matt
