1、Designation: D 1388 07Standard Test Method forStiffness of Fabrics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1388; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indic
2、ates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of stiffnessproperties of fabrics. Bending length is measured and flexuralrigidity is calculated. Two procedures are prov
3、ided.1.1.1 Option ACantilever Test, employing the principle ofcantilever bending of the fabric under its own mass.1.1.2 Option BHeart Loop Test, employing the principleof a loop formed in a fabric strip and hung vertically.1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics includingwoven fabrics, air bag
4、fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knittedfabrics, layered fabrics, pile fabrics. The fabrics may beuntreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwisetreated.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The U.S. customary units may be approximate.1.4 This standard
5、does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM S
6、tandards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile TestMethod that Produces Normally Distributed DataD 2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias forTextilesD 3776 Test Methods for Mass
7、 Per Unit Area (Weight) ofFabricD 4850 Terminology Relating to Fabric3. Terminology3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric TestMethods, General, refer to Terminology D 4850.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:bending length, cross-machine direction, CD, fabric, flexura
8、lrigidity, machine direction, MD, stiffness.3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer toTerminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method Options4.1 Option A, Cantilever TestA specimen is slid at aspecified rate in a direction parallel to its long dimension, untilits leading edge projects f
9、rom the edge of a horizontal surface.The length of the overhang is measured when the tip of thespecimen is depressed under its own mass to the point wherethe line joining the top to the edge of the platform makes a0.724 rad (41.5) angle with the horizontal. From this mea-sured length, the bending le
10、ngth and flexural rigidity arecalculated.4.2 Option B, Heart Loop TestA strip of fabric is formedinto a heart-shaped loop. The length of the loop is measuredwhen it is hanging vertically under its own mass. From thismeasured length, the bending length and flexural rigidity arecalculated.5. Significa
11、nce and Use5.1 Both test options in this test method are consideredsatisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipmentssince current estimates of between-laboratory precision areacceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade foracceptance testing.5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising
12、 from differences inreported test results when using this test method for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there isa statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-tical assistance is recommende
13、d for the investigation of bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of testspecimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that arefrom a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimensshould then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to eachlaboratory for testing. The averag
14、e results from the two1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,Specific.Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapproved in 1956. Discontinued 1995 and re
15、instated as D 1388 96. Last previousedition approved in 2002 as D 138896(2002).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page o
16、nthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statis-tical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by thetwo parties before testing is begun. If a
17、bias is found, either itscause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and thesupplier must agree to interpret future test results with consid-eration to the known bias.5.2 In general, these procedures are more suitable for testingwoven fabrics than knit fabrics.5.3 The Cantilever Test Option i
18、s the preferred procedurebecause it is simpler to perform. It is, however, not suitable forvery limp fabrics or those that show a marked tendency to curlor twist at a cut edge.5.4 The Heart Loop Test Option is suitable for fabrics thatshow a tendency to curl or twist.5.5 Both options can provide a c
19、orrelation with a subjectiveevaluation of a given fabric type. That is, a higher numberrepresents a stiffer fabric.5.6 The stiffness of a fabric may change with storage.5.7 No evidence has been found showing that bendinglength is dependent on the width. The tendency for specimensto curl or twist wil
20、l affect the result, because of the rigidityprovided at the edge. Consequently, the wider the strip, the lessimportant is the edge effect.6. Apparatus6.1 Option ACantilever Bending Tester3(Fig. 1).6.1.1 Horizontal Platform, with a minimum area of 38 by200 mm (1.5 by 8 in.) and having a smooth low-fr
21、iction, flatsurface such as polished metal or plastic. A leveling bubbleshall be incorporated in the platform.6.1.1.1 Indicator, inclined at an angle of 0.724 6 0.01 rad(41.5 6 0.5) below the plane of the platform surface.6.1.1.2 Movable Slide, consisting of a metal bar not lessthan 25 by 200 mm (1
22、by 8 in.) by approximately 3 mm (18 in.)thick and having a mass of 270 6 5 g (0.6 6 0.01 lb).6.1.1.3 Scale and Reference Point, to measure the length ofthe overhang.6.1.1.4 Specimen Feed Unit, motorized3(see Fig. 1) set to120 mm/min (4.75 in./min) 65 %, or manual equivalent.6.1.2 Cutting Die25 6 1mm
23、by2006 1mm(16 0.04in. by 8 6 0.04 in.).6.2 Option BHeart Loop Tester.6.2.1 Clamp and Stand, for hanging the specimen.6.2.2 Scale, suitably mounted on the stand for measuring thelength of the specimen loop and calibrated either in cm (in.) ordirectly in bending length.NOTE 1If a constant strip length
24、 is adopted, the scale may becalibrated to read directly in units of bending length.6.2.3 Brass Bars, two, 25 3 75 3 3 6 0.1 mm(1 3 3 3 0.1256 0.005 in.).6.2.4 Pressure Sensitive Tape.6.2.5 Jig, constructed to allow positioning of the two barswith their inner edges parallel and at a distance from ea
25、ch otherequal to the selected strip length.7. Sampling and Test Specimens7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing,randomly select the number of rolls or pieces of fabric directedin an applicable material specification or other agreementbetween the purchaser and the supplier. Consider the
26、 rolls orpieces of fabric to be the primary sampling units. In theabsence of such an agreement, take the number of fabric rollsspecified in Table 1.NOTE 2An adequate specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and supplier requires taking into account the variability betweenrolls or pieces
27、 of fabric and between specimens from a swatch from a rollor piece of fabric to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producersrisk, consumers risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.7.2 Laboratory SampleFor acceptance testing, take aswatch extending the width of the fabric an
28、d approximately 1m (1 yd) along the machine direction from each roll or piece inthe lot sample. For rolls of fabric, take a sample that willexclude fabric from the outer wrap of the roll or the inner wraparound the core of the roll of fabric, or any end piece.7.3 Direction of TestConsider the long d
29、imension of thespecimen as the direction of test.7.4 Number of Test SpecimensFrom each laboratory sam-pling unit, take four specimens from the machine direction andfour specimens from the cross-machine direction as applicableto a material specification or contract order.7.5 Cutting Test SpecimensCut
30、 the specimens to be usedfor the measurement of machine direction with the longerdimension parallel to the machine direction. Cut the specimensto be used for the measurement of the cross-machine directionwith the longer dimension parallel to the cross-machine direc-tion. Label to maintain specimen i
31、dentity.3Apparatus is available commercially.FIG. 1 Example of a Motorized Cantilever Test ApparatusTABLE 1 Number of Rolls, or Pieces, of Fabric in the Lot SampleNumber of Rolls or Piecesin Lot, InclusiveNumber of Rolls or Pieces in Lot Sample1to3 all4to24 425 to 50 5over 50 10 % to a max of 10 rol
32、ls or piecesD13880727.5.1 Take specimens, representing a broad distributionacross the width and length, preferably along the diagonal ofthe laboratory sample, and no nearer the edge than one-tenth itswidth. Ensure specimens are free of folds, creases, or wrinkles.Avoid getting oil, water, grease, et
33、c. on the specimens whenhandling.7.5.2 Cantilever TestCut test specimens 25 by 200 mm,61mm(1by8in.6 0.04 in.).7.5.3 Heart Loop TestNo standard size for the test speci-men is required. Cut test specimens 50 mm (2 in.) longer thanthe selected strip length to allow for clamping at the ends. SeeTable 2.
34、7.5.3.1 Select a specimen width at least 25 mm (1 in.) andno more than 75 mm (3 in.) with respect to the tendency of thefabric to curl. For fabrics having a slight tendency to curl, a 256 1mm(16 0.04 in.) wide specimen has been found to besatisfactory. As the tendency to curl becomes greater, increa
35、sethe width up to a maximum of 75 mm (3 in.).7.5.3.2 Make several trial tests using various strip lengthsselected from Table 2. Select a suitable strip length for acorresponding loop length from Table 2, such that the bendinglength is relatively independent of strip length.NOTE 3Strip length is the
36、circumferential length of the unclampedportion of the specimen.NOTE 4Specimen strip widths greater than 75 mm (3 in.) have notbeen investigated and are not recommended since reliability of results arequestionable.NOTE 5The bending length using the heart loop option is not entirelyindependent of the
37、strip length. In general, the bending length rises withthe strip length up to a value that remains relatively constant as the striplength is further increased. An additional rise may further be encounteredfor much longer strip lengths. Whenever possible, compare fabrics in therange where bending len
38、gth is independent of strip length.8. Preparation of Test Apparatus and Calibration8.1 Option ACantilever Test:8.1.1 Set the tester on a table or bench with the horizontalplatform and inclined reference lines. Adjust the platform tohorizontal as indicated by the leveling bubble.8.1.2 Verify that the
39、 bend angle indicator is at the 0.724 rad(41.5) angle marked on the scale.9. Conditioning9.1 Precondition the specimens by bringing them to ap-proximate moisture equilibrium in the standard atmosphere forpreconditioning textiles as directed in Practice D 1776, unlessotherwise directed in a material
40、specification or contract order.9.2 After preconditioning, bring the test specimens to mois-ture equilibrium for testing in the standard atmosphere fortesting textiles as directed in Practice D 1776 or, if applicable,in the specified atmosphere in which the testing is to beperformed, unless otherwis
41、e directed in a material specificationor contract order.10. Procedure10.1 Test the conditioned specimens in the standard atmo-sphere for testing textiles, which is 21 6 1C (70 6 2F) and65 6 2 % relative humidity, unless otherwise directed in amaterial specification or contract order.10.2 Option ACan
42、tilever Test:10.2.1 Remove the movable slide. Place the specimen onthe horizontal platform with the length of the specimen parallelto the platform edge. Align the edge of the specimen with theline scribed on the right-hand edge of the horizontal platform.NOTE 6When known, place the specimen face-sid
43、e up.10.2.2 Place the movable slide on the specimen, beingcareful not to change its initial position.10.2.3 For automatic testers, turn the tester switch on andwatch the leading edge of the specimen closely. Turn theswitch off the instant the edge of the specimen touches theknife edge.10.2.4 For man
44、ual testers, move the clamped specimen byhand in a smooth manner at approximately 120 mm/min (4.75in./min)6 5 % until the edge of the specimen touches the knifeedge.10.2.5 Read and record the overhang length from the linearscale to the nearest 0.1 cm (0.1 in.).NOTE 7If the specimen has a tendency to
45、 twist, take the referencepoint at the center of the leading edge. Do not measure specimens thattwist more than 0.785 rad (45).10.2.6 Test the face and back of both ends of each specimenfor a total of four readings per specimen.10.3 Option BHeart Loop Test:10.3.1 Place the two bars parallel to one a
46、nother on ahorizontal surface such that the inner edges are separated by adistance equal to the selected strip length (see 6.2.5).10.3.2 Lay the test specimen across the two bars with theouter edge approximately 5 6 1 mm (0.5 6 0.005 in.) from oneend of each bar.10.3.3 Attach one end of the specimen
47、 strip to one bar usingpressure-sensitive tape, being careful to align to one edge ofthe bar. Apply just enough tension to the specimen to hold ittaut, but without stretching, and attach the other specimen endto the second bar in a similar manner.TABLE 2 Table of Bending LengthsLoop Length,cmBending
48、 Length, cm15-cm StripLength20-cm StripLength25-cm StripLength4.0 2.19 . .4.2 2.07 . .4.4 1.99 . .4.6 1.86 3.44 5.434.8 1.76 3.30 5.165.0 1.65 3.17 4.915.2 1.56 3.03 4.715.4 1.45 2.90 4.535.6 1.35 2.80 4.365.8 1.25 2.67 4.206.0 1.14 2.57 4.066.2 1.04 2.47 3.926.4 0.93 2.37 3.806.6 0.81 2.26 3.676.8
49、0.69 2.16 3.567.0 0.53 2.06 3.457.2 . 1.96 3.347.4 . 1.86 3.217.6 . 1.76 3.127.8 . 1.66 3.028.0 . . 2.918.2 . . 2.828.4 . . 2.72D138807310.3.3.1 A suitable procedure for mounting and measuringthe specimen is the use of two brass bars to which the specimenstrip is fastened. The bars and the attached specimen strip areclamped to the stand in a suitable vertical position in front ofa scale calibrated either in cm (in.) or directly in bendinglength.10.3.4 Turn the bars and mounted specimen over, such thatthe fabric is on the under side of each bar. Grasp
