1、Designation: D 1429 08Standard Test Methods forSpecific Gravity of Water and Brine1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1429; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in p
2、arentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the determination of thespecific gravity of water and brine free of separable oil, asfollows:SectionsTest Method APycnome
3、ter 7 to 11, 21Test Method BBalance 12 to 16, 21Test Method CErlenmeyer Flask 17 to 21Test Method DHydrometer 22 to 271.2 Test Methods A and B are applicable to clear waters orthose containing only a moderate amount of particulate matter.Test Method B is preferred for samples of sea water or brinesa
4、nd is more sensitive than Test Method D which has the samegeneral application. Test Method C is intended for samples ofwater containing mud or sludge.1.3 It is the users responsibility to ensure the validity ofthese test methods for waters of untested matrices.1.4 The test method was tested at 22C o
5、ver a range, showninTables 1-4, of 1.0252 through 1.2299; all data were correctedto 15.6C (60F).1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health p
6、ractices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1066 Practice for Sampling SteamD 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias ofApplicable
7、 Test Methods of Committee D19 on WaterD 3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed ConduitsD 5847 Practice for Writing Quality Control Specificationsfor Standard Test Methods for Water AnalysisE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 brinewater th
8、at contains dissolved matter at anapproximate concentration of more than 30 000 mg/L.3.1.2 For definitions of terms used in these test methods,refer to Terminology D 1129.4. Significance and Use4.1 Specific gravity is an important property of fluids beingrelated to density and viscosity. Knowing the
9、 specific gravitywill allow determination of a fluids characteristics comparedto a standard, usually water, at a specified temperature. Thiswill allow the user to determine if the test fluid will be heavieror lighter than the standard fluid.5. Reagents5.1 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, r
10、eferenceto water shall be understood to mean reagent water conformingto Specification D 1193, Type I. Other reagent water types maybe used provided it is first ascertained that the water is ofsufficiently high purity to permit its use without adverselyaffecting the precision and bias of the test met
11、hod. Type IIIwater was specified at the time of round robin testing of thistest method.6. Sampling6.1 Collect the samples in accordance with PracticesD 3370 and Practice D 1066.6.2 In view of the lack of a standard test method forsampling mud or sludge, no instructions are given for samplingthis typ
12、e of material.TEST METHOD APYCNOMETER7. Summary of Test Method7.1 The sample is introduced into a pycnometer, stabilizedat the desired temperature, and weighed. The specific gravity iscalculated from this weight and the previously determined1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Comm
13、ittee D19 onWater and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.05 on InorganicConstituents in Water.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2008. Published November 2008. Originallyapproved in 1956. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 1429 2003.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the AS
14、TM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Unit
15、ed States.weight of reagent water that is required to fill the pycnometerat the same temperature.8. Apparatus8.1 BathConstant-temperature bath designed to maintaina temperature of 15.6 6 1C (60 6 1.8F). If any othertemperature must be used due to local conditions, appropriatecorrections shall be mad
16、e.8.2 PycnometerCylindrical or conical glass vessel care-fully ground to receive an accurately fitting 24/12 standardtaper glass stopper provided with a hole approximately 1.0 to2.0 mm in diameter, centrally located in reference to thevertical axis.The top surface of the stopper shall be smooth ands
17、ubstantially plane, and the lower surface shall be concave inorder to allow all air to escape through the bore. The height ofthe concave section shall be approximately 5 mm at the center.The stoppered pycnometer shall have a capacity of about 24 to30 mL, and shall weigh not more than 40 g. Suitable
18、pycnom-eters are shown in Fig. 1.8.3 ThermometerAnASTM Gravity Thermometer havinga range from 20 to + 102C or 5 to + 215F, as specified,and conforming to the requirements for Thermometer 12C or12F, respectively, as prescribed in Specification E1.9. Procedure9.1 Weigh a clean, dry, calibrated pycnome
19、ter, completewith stopper, on an analytical balance, and record this weightto the nearest 0.1 mg, as P.9.2 Remove the stopper and fill the pycnometer with re-cently boiled reagent water that has been cooled to roomtemperature, to within several millimetres of the top. Removethe air bubbles. Immerse
20、the unstoppered pycnometer up to theneck in a constant-temperature bath maintained at 15.6 6 1C(60 6 1.8F). Allow the pycnometer to remain in the bath fora period of time sufficient to establish temperature equilibrium.Twenty minutes is usually sufficient.9.3 After temperature equilibrium has been e
21、stablished, andbefore removing from the bath, firmly insert the stopper andremove the excess water from the top of the stopper, takingcare to leave the capillary filled. Remove the stopperedpycnometer from the bath and wipe it dry. Immediately weighthe pycnometer, and record this weight to the neare
22、st 0.1 mg,as W.9.4 Empty the reagent water from the pycnometer and dry,or rinse with the sample to be tested.9.5 Using the sample to be tested, repeat the procedure inaccordance with 9.2 and 9.3, recording the weight of thepycnometer containing the sample under test as S.10. Calculation10.1 Calculat
23、e the specific gravity of the sample as follows:Specific gravity 5 S2P!/W2P!where:P = weight of the empty pycnometer,S = weight of the pycnometer and contained sample, andW = weight of the pycnometer and contained reagentwater.FIG. 1 Suitable PycnometersTABLE 1 Determination of Bias, Pycnometer Meth
24、odCalculated SpecificGravitySpecific GravityExperimentallyDetermined6 %BiasStatisticallySignificant(95 % ConfidenceLevel)1.0247 1.0262 0.049 yes1.0648 1.0665 + 0.16 yes1.1100 1.1119 + 0.17 yes1.2299 1.2235 0.52 yesTABLE 2 Determination of Bias, Balance MethodCalculated SpecificGravitySpecific Gravit
25、yExperimentallyDetermined6 %BiasStatisticallySignificant(95 % ConfidenceLevel)1.0247 1.0264 0.166 yes1.0648 1.0657 + 0.084 yes1.1100 1.1126 + 0.234 yes1.2299 1.2233 0.539 yesTABLE 3 Determination of Bias, Erlenmeyer Flask MethodCalculated SpecificGravitySpecific GravityExperimentallyDetermined6 %Bia
26、sStatisticallySignificant(95 % ConfidenceLevel)1.0247 1.026 + 0.126 yes1.0648 1.066 + 0.169 yes1.1100 1.1121 + 0.74 no1.2299 1.2225 0.60 yesTABLE 4 Determination of Bias, Hydrometer MethodCalculated SpecificGravitySpecific GravityExperimentallyDetermined6 %BiasStatisticallySignificant(95 % Confidenc
27、eLevel)1.0247 1.0256 + 0.088 no1.0648 1.0647 0.099 no1.1100 1.1106 + 0.054 no1.2299 1.2207 0.74 yesD142908211. Precision and Bias11.1 The overall precision (St) and single operator precision(So) of this test method within their designated ranges varywith quantity being tested in accordance with Fig.
28、 2.11.2 The bias for this test method, shown in Table 1, wasdetermined from the measurement of a known specific gravityin prepared standards by six laboratories in triplicate for fourknown specific gravity levels. The known specific gravityrange covered was 1.0247 to 1.2299.11.3 Precision and bias f
29、or this test method conforms toPractice D 2777 77, which was in place at the time ofcollaborative testing. Under the allowances made in 1.4 ofPractice D 2777 06, these precision and bias data do meetexisting requirements for interlaboratory studies of CommitteeD19 test methods.TEST METHOD BBALANCE12
30、. Summary of Test Method12.1 The specific gravity balance is essentially an analyticalbalance which uses a plummet to determine the weight of aliquid by displacement.The plummet is calibrated in a standardliquid, usually reagent water, before the determination is made.Any oil present in the sample w
31、ill interfere with this determi-nation; therefore, only freshly filtered samples should be used.13. Apparatus13.1 Specific Gravity BalanceAWestphal-type balance orany of several accurate specific gravity balances may be used.14. Procedure14.1 Locate the specific gravity balance in a draft-freeenclos
32、ure. Clean the plummet by immersion in distilled waterfollowed by acetone. Dry with air or a lint-free tissue. Calibratethe plummet by determining its difference in weight in air andin reagent water at 15.6 6 1C (60 6 1.8F); record thisdisplacement as d1.14.2 Immerse the plummet in the sample, which
33、 has astabilized temperature of 15.6 6 1C (60 6 1.8F). Makecertain that the plummet does not touch the bottom or the sidesof the container. The liquid displacement, d2, is the differencebetween the weight necessary to counterpoise the dry plummetin air and that necessary when the plummet is immersed
34、 in theliquid samples.15. Calculation15.1 Calculate the specific gravity of the sample as follows:Specific gravity 5d2d1where:d1= difference in weight in air and in reagent water, andd2= difference in weight in air and in the sample.16. Precision and Bias16.1 The overall precision (St) and single op
35、erator precision(So) of this test method within their designated ranges varywith quantity being tested in accordance with Fig. 3.16.2 The bias data for this test method, shown in Table 2,was determined from the measurement of a known specificgravity in prepared standards by five laboratories in trip
36、licatefor four known specific gravity levels. The known specificgravity range covered was 1.0247 to 1.2299.16.3 Precision and bias for this test method conforms toPractice D 2777 77, which was in place at the time ofcollaborative testing. Under the allowances made in 1.4 ofFIG. 2 Interlaboratory Pre
37、cision for Specific Gravity of Brines by Pycnometer MethodD1429083Practice D 2777 06, these precision and bias data do meetexisting requirements for interlaboratory studies of CommitteeD19 test methods.TEST METHOD CERLENMEYER FLASK17. Summary of Test Method17.1 The sample of mud or sludge is thoroug
38、hly stirred andpoured into a wide-mouth Erlenmeyer flask until it is some-what more than level full, the excess being struck off with aspatula blade. The specific gravity is calculated from thisweight and the previously determined weight of water requiredto fill the flask completely.17.2 If the samp
39、le is of a plastic solid consistency, the flaskis partly filled with the sample and weighed. Water is thenadded to fill the flask completely, and the total weight is taken.The specific gravity is calculated from the weight of thevolume of water displaced by the sample.18. Procedure18.1 Clean, dry, a
40、nd weigh the Erlenmeyer flask to thenearest 0.1 g, and record this weight as F.18.2 Fill the flask with reagent water or tap water. Both flaskand water shall be at temperature equilibrium. Weigh the filledflask and record this weight as W. Empty and dry the flask.18.3 If the sample flows readily, fi
41、ll the flask completelywith the sample, leveling the upper surface with a flat-bladedspatula held at an angle of 45 with the rim of the flask. Weigh,and record this weight as S.18.4 Mix the sample thoroughly by stirring, but do notshake. If the sample does not flow readily, add sufficientsample to a
42、pproximately half fill the flask, without exertingpressure, and weigh. Record the weight of the flask and sampleas R. Fill the flask containing the sample completely withreagent water or tap water, whichever was used in accordancewith 18.2, taking care to remove all entrained air bubbles, andweigh a
43、gain. Record this weight at T.19. Calculation19.1 In the case of free-flowing samples, calculate thespecific gravity of the sample as follows:Specific gravity 5S 2 F!W 2 F!where:F = weight of the empty flask,S = weight of the flask completely filled with sample, andW = weight of the flask and contai
44、ned water.19.2 In the case of samples that do not flow readily,calculate the specific gravity of the sample as follows:Specific gravity 5R 2 F!W 2 F! 2 T 2 R!where:F = weight of the empty flask,R = weight of the flask partly filled with sample,T = weight of the flask partly filled with sample, plusw
45、ater added to fill remaining volume, andW = weight of the flask and contained water.20. Precision and Bias20.1 The overall precision (St) and single operator precision(So) of this test method within their designated ranges varywith quantity being tested in accordance with Fig. 4.20.2 The bias data f
46、or this test method, shown in Table 3,was determined from the measurement of a known specificgravity in prepared standards by six laboratories in triplicateFIG. 3 Interlaboratory Precision for Specific Gravity of Brines by Balance MethodD1429084for four known specific gravity levels. The known speci
47、ficgravity range covered was 1.0247 to 1.2299.20.3 Precision and bias for this test method conforms toPractice D 2777 77, which was in place at the time ofcollaborative testing. Under the allowances made in 1.4 ofPractice D 2777 06, these precision and bias data do meetexisting requirements for inte
48、rlaboratory studies of CommitteeD19 test methods.21. Quality Control21.1 In order to be certain that analytical values obtainedusing these test methods are valid and accurate within theconfidence limits of the test, the following QC procedures mustbe followed when analyzing specific gravity.21.2 Cal
49、ibration and Calibration Verification21.2.1 Verify the balance calibration by weighing a weightat several weight limits.21.3 Initial Demonstration of Laboratory Capability21.3.1 If a laboratory has not performed the test before, or ifthere has been a major change in the measurement system, forexample, new analyst, and so forth, a precision and bias studymust be performed to demonstrate laboratory capability.21.3.2 Analyze seven replicates of a solution with a knownspecific gravity. Each replicate must be taken through theco
