1、Designation: D1429 13Standard Test Methods forSpecific Gravity of Water and Brine1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1429; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in par
2、entheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover the determination of thespecific gravity of water and brine free of separable oil, asfollows:SectionsTest Method APycnomet
3、er 7 to 11, 21Test Method BBalance 12 to 16, 21Test Method CErlenmeyer Flask 17 to 21Test Method DHydrometer 22 to 271.2 Test Methods A and B are applicable to clear waters orthose containing only a moderate amount of particulate matter.Test Method B is preferred for samples of sea water or brinesan
4、d is more sensitive than Test Method D which has the samegeneral application. Test Method C is intended for samples ofwater containing mud or sludge.1.3 It is the users responsibility to ensure the validity ofthese test methods for waters of untested matrices.1.4 The test method was tested at 22C ov
5、er a range, shownin Tables 1-4, of 1.0252 through 1.2299; all data werecorrected to 15.6C (60F).1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not conside
6、red standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.
7、 Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1066 Practice for Sampling SteamD1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias ofApplicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on WaterD3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed C
8、onduitsD5847 Practice for Writing Quality Control Specificationsfor Standard Test Methods for Water AnalysisE2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in these testmethods, refer to Terminolog
9、y D1129.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 brine, nwater that contains dissolved matter at anapproximate concentration of more than 30 000 mg/L.4. Significance and Use4.1 Specific gravity is an important property of fluids beingrelated to density and viscosity. Knowing the spec
10、ific gravitywill allow determination of a fluids characteristics comparedto a standard, usually water, at a specified temperature. Thiswill allow the user to determine if the test fluid will be heavieror lighter than the standard fluid.5. Reagents5.1 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, refere
11、nceto water shall be understood to mean reagent water conformingto Specification D1193, Type I. Other reagent water types maybe used provided it is first ascertained that the water is ofsufficiently high purity to permit its use without adverselyaffecting the precision and bias of the test method. T
12、ype IIIwater was specified at the time of round robin testing of thistest method.6. Sampling6.1 Collect the samples in accordance with Practices D3370and Practice D1066.6.2 In view of the lack of a standard test method forsampling mud or sludge, no instructions are given for samplingthis type of mat
13、erial.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 onWater and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.05 on InorganicConstituents in Water.Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published July 2013. Originally approvedin 1956. Last previous edition approved in 2008
14、 as D1429 08. DOI: 10.1520/D1429-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes sec
15、tion appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1TEST METHOD APYCNOMETER7. Summary of Test Method7.1 The sample is introduced into a pycnometer, stabilizedat the desired temperature, and weighed.
16、 The specific gravity iscalculated from this weight and the previously determinedweight of reagent water that is required to fill the pycnometerat the same temperature.8. Apparatus8.1 BathConstant-temperature bath designed to maintaina temperature of 15.6 6 1C (60 6 1.8F). If any othertemperature mu
17、st be used due to local conditions, appropriatecorrections shall be made.8.2 PycnometerCylindrical or conical glass vessel care-fully ground to receive an accurately fitting 24/12 standardtaper glass stopper provided with a hole approximately 1.0 to2.0 mm in diameter, centrally located in reference
18、to thevertical axis.The top surface of the stopper shall be smooth andsubstantially plane, and the lower surface shall be concave inorder to allow all air to escape through the bore. The height ofthe concave section shall be approximately 5 mm at the center.The stoppered pycnometer shall have a capa
19、city of about 24 to30 mL, and shall weigh not more than 40 g. Suitable pycnom-eters are shown in Fig. 1.8.3 ThermometerAn ASTM Gravity Thermometer havinga range from 20 to + 102C (or 5 to + 215F), as specified,and conforming to the requirements for Thermometer 12C (or12F), respectively, as prescribe
20、d in Specification E2251.9. Procedure9.1 Weigh a clean, dry, calibrated pycnometer, completewith stopper, on an analytical balance, and record this weightto the nearest 0.1 mg, as P.9.2 Remove the stopper and fill the pycnometer with re-cently boiled reagent water that has been cooled to roomtempera
21、ture, to within several millimetres of the top. Removethe air bubbles. Immerse the unstoppered pycnometer up to theneck in a constant-temperature bath maintained at 15.6 6 1C(60 6 1.8F). Allow the pycnometer to remain in the bath fora period of time sufficient to establish temperature equilibrium.Tw
22、enty minutes is usually sufficient.9.3 After temperature equilibrium has been established, andbefore removing from the bath, firmly insert the stopper andremove the excess water from the top of the stopper, takingcare to leave the capillary filled. Remove the stopperedpycnometer from the bath and wi
23、pe it dry. Immediately weighthe pycnometer, and record this weight to the nearest 0.1 mg,as W.9.4 Empty the reagent water from the pycnometer and dry,or rinse with the sample to be tested.9.5 Using the sample to be tested, repeat the procedure inaccordance with 9.2 and 9.3, recording the weight of t
24、hepycnometer containing the sample under test as S.TABLE 1 Determination of Precision and Bias,Pycnometer MethodCalculatedSpecificGravitySpecificGravityExperimentallyDeterminedSTSO% BiasStatisticallySignificant(95 %ConfidenceLevel)1.0247 1.0262 0.00145 0.00023 0.049 yes1.0648 1.0665 0.0012 0.00019 +
25、 0.16 yes1.1100 1.1119 0.0010 0.00034 + 0.17 yes1.2299 1.2235 0.0012 0.00037 0.52 yesTABLE 2 Determination of Precision and Bias,Balance MethodCalculatedSpecificGravitySpecificGravityExperimentallyDeterminedSTSO% BiasStatisticallySignificant(95 %ConfidenceLevel)1.0247 1.0264 0.0013 0.00022 0.166 yes
26、1.0648 1.0657 0.0008 0.00026 + 0.084 yes1.1100 1.1126 0.0017 0.00053 + 0.234 yes1.2299 1.2233 0.0017 0.00501 0.539 yesTABLE 3 Determination of Precision and Bias,Erlenmeyer MethodCalculatedSpecificGravitySpecificGravityExperimentallyDeterminedSTSO% BiasStatisticallySignificant(95 %ConfidenceLevel)1.
27、0247 1.026 0.0024 0.00104 + 0.126 yes1.0648 1.066 0.0025 0.00164 + 0.169 yes1.1100 1.1121 0.0026 0.00119 + 0.74 no1.2299 1.2225 0.0018 0.00082 0.60 yesTABLE 4 Determination of Precision and Bias,Hydrometer MethodCalculatedSpecificGravitySpecificGravityExperimentallyDeterminedSTSO% BiasStatisticallyS
28、ignificant(95 %ConfidenceLevel)1.0247 1.0256 0.0023 0.00041 + 0.088 no1.0648 1.0647 0.0022 0.00060 0.099 no1.1100 1.1106 0.0025 0.00078 + 0.054 no1.2299 1.2207 0.0064 0.00052 0.74 yesFIG. 1 Suitable PycnometersD1429 13210. Calculation10.1 Calculate the specific gravity of the sample as follows:Speci
29、fic gravity 5 S 2 P!/W 2 P!where:P = weight of the empty pycnometer,S = weight of the pycnometer and contained sample, andW = weight of the pycnometer and contained reagent water.11. Precision and Bias11.1 The overall precision (St) and single operator precision( So) of this test method within their
30、 designated ranges varywith quantity being tested shown in Table 1.11.2 The bias for this test method, shown in Table 1, wasdetermined from the measurement of a known specific gravityin prepared standards by six laboratories in triplicate for fourknown specific gravity levels. The known specific gra
31、vityrange covered was 1.0247 to 1.2299.11.3 Precision and bias for this test method conforms toPractice D2777 77, which was in place at the time ofcollaborative testing. Under the allowances made in 1.4 ofPractice D2777 08, these precision and bias data do meetexisting requirements for interlaborato
32、ry studies of CommitteeD19 test methods.TEST METHOD BBALANCE12. Summary of Test Method12.1 The specific gravity balance is essentially an analyticalbalance which uses a plummet to determine the weight of aliquid by displacement.The plummet is calibrated in a standardliquid, usually reagent water, be
33、fore the determination is made.Any oil present in the sample will interfere with this determi-nation; therefore, only freshly filtered samples should be used.13. Apparatus13.1 Specific Gravity BalanceAWestphal-type balance orany of several accurate specific gravity balances may be used.14. Procedure
34、14.1 Locate the specific gravity balance in a draft-freeenclosure. Clean the plummet by immersion in distilled waterfollowed by acetone. Dry with air or a lint-free tissue. Calibratethe plummet by determining its difference in weight in air andin reagent water at 15.6 6 1C (60 6 1.8F); record thisdi
35、splacement as d1.14.2 Immerse the plummet in the sample, which has astabilized temperature of 15.6 6 1C (60 6 1.8F). Makecertain that the plummet does not touch the bottom or the sidesof the container. The liquid displacement, d2, is the differencebetween the weight necessary to counterpoise the dry
36、 plummetin air and that necessary when the plummet is immersed in theliquid samples.15. Calculation15.1 Calculate the specific gravity of the sample as follows:Specific gravity 5d2d1where:d1= difference in weight in air and in reagent water, andd2= difference in weight in air and in the sample.16. P
37、recision and Bias16.1 The overall precision (St) and single operator precision( So) of this test method within their designated ranges varywith quantity being tested shown in Table 2.16.2 The bias data for this test method, shown in Table 2,was determined from the measurement of a known specificgrav
38、ity in prepared standards by five laboratories in triplicatefor four known specific gravity levels. The known specificgravity range covered was 1.0247 to 1.2299.16.3 Precision and bias for this test method conforms toPractice D2777 77, which was in place at the time ofcollaborative testing. Under th
39、e allowances made in 1.4 ofPractice D2777 08, these precision and bias data do meetexisting requirements for interlaboratory studies of CommitteeD19 test methods.TEST METHOD CERLENMEYER FLASK17. Summary of Test Method17.1 The sample of mud or sludge is thoroughly stirred andpoured into a wide-mouth
40、Erlenmeyer flask until it is some-what more than level full, the excess being struck off with aspatula blade. The specific gravity is calculated from thisweight and the previously determined weight of water requiredto fill the flask completely.17.2 If the sample is of a plastic solid consistency, th
41、e flaskis partly filled with the sample and weighed. Water is thenadded to fill the flask completely, and the total weight is taken.The specific gravity is calculated from the weight of thevolume of water displaced by the sample.18. Procedure18.1 Clean, dry, and weigh the Erlenmeyer flask to thenear
42、est 0.1 g, and record this weight as F.18.2 Fill the flask with reagent water. Both flask and watershall be at temperature equilibrium. Weigh the filled flask andrecord this weight as W. Empty and dry the flask.18.3 If the sample flows readily, fill the flask completelywith the sample, leveling the
43、upper surface with a flat-bladedspatula held at an angle of 45 with the rim of the flask. Weigh,and record this weight as S.18.4 Mix the sample thoroughly by stirring, but do notshake. If the sample does not flow readily, add sufficientsample to approximately half fill the flask, without exertingpre
44、ssure, and weigh. Record the weight of the flask and sampleas R. Fill the flask containing the sample completely withreagent water, as was used in accordance with 18.2, taking careto remove all entrained air bubbles, and weigh again. Recordthis weight at T.19. Calculation19.1 In the case of free-flo
45、wing samples, calculate thespecific gravity of the sample as follows:D1429 133Specific gravity 5S 2 F!W 2 F!where:F = weight of the empty flask,S = weight of the flask completely filled with sample, andW = weight of the flask and contained water.19.2 In the case of samples that do not flow readily,c
46、alculate the specific gravity of the sample as follows:Specific gravity 5R 2 F!W 2 F! 2 T 2 R!where:F = weight of the empty flask,R = weight of the flask partly filled with sample,T = weight of the flask partly filled with sample, plus wateradded to fill remaining volume, andW = weight of the flask
47、and contained water.20. Precision and Bias20.1 The overall precision (St) and single operator precision( So) of this test method within their designated ranges varywith quantity being tested shown in Table 3.20.2 The bias data for this test method, shown in Table 3,was determined from the measuremen
48、t of a known specificgravity in prepared standards by six laboratories in triplicatefor four known specific gravity levels. The known specificgravity range covered was 1.0247 to 1.2299.20.3 Precision and bias for this test method conforms toPractice D2777 77, which was in place at the time ofcollabo
49、rative testing. Under the allowances made in 1.4 ofPractice D2777 08, these precision and bias data do meetexisting requirements for interlaboratory studies of CommitteeD19 test methods.21. Quality Control (QC)21.1 In order to be certain that analytical values obtainedusing these test methods are valid and accurate within theconfidence limits of the test, the following QC procedures mustbe followed when analyzing specific gravity.21.2 Calibration and Calibration Verification:21.2.1 Verify the balance calibration by weighi
