1、Designation: D1447 07 (Reapproved 2012)1Standard Test Method forLength and Length Uniformity of Cotton Fibers byPhotoelectric Measurement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1447; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEThe terminology section was updated in July 2012.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measuremen
3、t of the lengthand length uniformity of cotton fibers by use of photoelectricmeasurement. The test method is applicable to fibers takenfrom raw or partially processed cotton (up to card mat) or sometypes of cotton waste, but not to fibers from blends of cottonwith other fibers or to fibers recovered
4、 from cotton yarns,fabrics or to 100 % synthetic fibers.1.2 This test method is especially adapted for determiningthe length and length uniformity of cotton fibers by models ofthe Digital Fibrograph, hereafter referred to as Fibrograph.NOTE 1Instructions for the use of Manual and Servo FibrographMod
5、els were included in the text of Test Method D1447 in 1971 andprevious editions.NOTE 2For other methods covering the measurement of the length ofcotton fibers refer to Test Method D1440.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thi
6、sstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Re
7、ferenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1440 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution ofCotton Fibers (Array Method)D1441 Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for TestingD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD3025 Practice for Standardizing Cott
8、on Fiber Test Resultsby Use of Calibration Cotton StandardsD7139 Terminology for Cotton Fibers3. Terminology3.1 For all terminology related to D13.11, refer to Termi-nology D7139.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:fibrogram, mean length, uniformity index, upper-half-meanlength.3
9、.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer toTerminology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Fibers are placed on comb(s) in such a way that they arecaught at random points along their lengths to form a beard.The beard is scanned photoelectrically from base to tip, theamount of light pass
10、ing through the beard being used as ameasure of the number of fibers that extend various distancesfrom the comb(s).4.2 The Fibrograph shows the amount and the lengthreadings from the Fibrogram being sensed on separate dials.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for a
11、ccep-tance testing when the levels of the laboratories are controlledby the use of the same reference standard cotton samplesbecause the current estimates of between-laboratory precisionare acceptable under these conditions. If there are differencesof practical significance between reported test res
12、ults for twolaboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performedto determine if there is a statistical bias between them, usingcompetent statistical assistance. As a minimum, ensure the testsamples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawnfrom the material from which the disparat
13、e test results wereobtained, and are randomly assigned in equal numbers to eachlaboratory for testing. The test from the two laboratories shouldbe compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct r
14、esponsibility of Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.Current edition approved July 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originallyapproved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D1447 071. DOI:10.1520/D1447-07R12E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcont
15、act ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.probability level chos
16、en prior to the testing series. If a bias isfound, either its cause must be found and corrected, or futuretest results for that material must be adjusted in considerationof the known bias.5.2 Fibrograph measurements provide a relatively fastmethod for determining the length and length uniformity of
17、thefibers in a sample of cotton in a reproducible manner.5.3 Results of the Fibrograph length tests do not necessarilyagree with those obtained by other methods for measuringlengths of cotton fibers because of the effect of fiber crimp andother factors.5.4 Fibrograph tests are more objective than co
18、mmercialstaple length classifications and also provide additional infor-mation on fiber length uniformity of cotton fibers. The cottonquality information provided by these results is used inresearch studies and quality surveys, in checking commercialstaple length classifications, in assembling bales
19、 of cotton intouniform lots, and for other purposes.5.5 Fibrograph measurements are based on the assumptionsthat a fiber is caught randomly along its length.6. Apparatus6.1 Fibrograph,3digital model, with accessory equipmentas shown in Fig. 2.6.2 Fibrosampler, for the preparation of test specimens(r
20、equired) as shown in Fig. 1.7. Sampling7.1 Division into LotsFor acceptance testing purposes, thepurchaser and the supplier shall agree on what materialconstitutes a lot.7.2 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing,take at random the number of shipping containers directed inan applicable mat
21、erial specification or other agreement be-tween the purchaser and the supplier, such as an agreement touse Practice D1441.7.3 Laboratory SampleAs a laboratory sample for accep-tance testing, select and prepare a 30 to 50 g subsample fromeach of the shipping containers in the lot sample, proceeding a
22、sdirected in Practice D1441 using either the blended sampleprocedure or the subsample procedure as agreed between thepurchaser and the supplier.7.4 Test SpecimensAs directed in Section 10, prepareeither two or four specimens from each subsample in thelaboratory sample. For acceptance testing, test e
23、ither two orfour specimens from each subsample in the laboratory sampleas agreed between the purchaser and the supplier.8. Preparation and Adjustment of Apparatus8.1 Set up the Fibrograph and adjust it as directed in themanufacturers instructions for the model being used.8.2 Set up and adjust the Fi
24、brosampler as directed in themanufacturers instructions.8.3 Before making Fibrograph length tests, allow the instru-ment to warm up until it is electronically stable (5 minutes),then carefully check it both electronically and mechanically byusing the methods listed in 8.3.1-8.3.4 for specific items.
25、3Instruments and accessories meeting these requirements may be obtained fromUster Technologies, Inc., 456 Troy Circle, P. O. Box 51270, Knoxville, TN37919-1270.FIG. 1 FibrosamplerD1447 07 (2012)128.3.1 When the Fibrograph is first powered on, the LEDs onthe front of the instrument will display the u
26、nits systeminformation. After the system information is displayed, thecomb transport moves from the start to the stop position to zerothe optics. Once the comb transport has returned to the startposition, lift the door and adjust the optics by following themanufacturers instruction.8.3.2 The Fibrogr
27、aph calibration should be checked once aweek. During calibration check the calibration values are notchanged. When a calibration is performed, the calibrationvalues will be changed. A metal length standard with a knownlength value is supplied with the Fibrograph for calibrationpurposes. Follow the c
28、alibration procedures as directed in themanufacturers instructions.8.3.3 Measure specimens of cotton fibers from a laboratorycontrol sample with established length values (Note 3). Eachtechnician must measure separate specimens prepared from alaboratory control sample and obtain acceptable length re
29、sultsbefore performing similar measurements on specimens fromunknown samples. When unacceptable results are obtainedfrom the laboratory control sample, recheck the instrumentadjustments and the testing techniques until acceptable resultsare obtained (Note 4).NOTE 3Standard calibration cotton samples
30、 for Fibrograph lengthtests are available from the Cotton Division, Agricultural MarketingService, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 3275 Appling Road, Memphis,TN 38133, or other cottons may be used for routine calibration afterextensive tests in comparison with USDA calibration samples haveestablishe
31、d the test values and the uniformity of the material. See PracticeD3025.NOTE 4The Fibrograph length results obtained are affected by theamount of combing performed on the specimens. Operators quickly learnthrough practice the sampling process and the amount of brushingrequired to obtain acceptable r
32、esults for the tests on the laboratory controlsamples for the instrument being used.8.3.4 Make additional length measurements of specimenstaken from the laboratory control sample at least every 2 hduring the day to maintain a continuing check on the level ofresults.9. Conditioning9.1 Before preparin
33、g the specimens, bring the laboratorysample from the prevailing atmosphere to moisture equilibriumfor testing in the standard atmosphere for testing textilesaccording to Practice D1776. Preconditioning is not necessary.10. Preparation of Specimens10.1 Fibrosampler Method (Fig. 1):10.1.1 From a sampl
34、e of fibers, select a subsample ofapproximately 25 grams or more (two handfuls). Place it in theFibrosampler cylinder. Insert the comb into the FibrosamplerFIG. 2 Digital Fibrograph, Model 730FIG. 3 Diagram Showing Digital Fibrograph LengthMeasurementsD1447 07 (2012)13combholder. With a circular mot
35、ion of the left hand, press thefibers so they protrude through holes of the sample plate,maintaining and evenly distributed pressure over the surface.Then relax the pressure of the left hand so the fibers can beeasily pulled through the plate holes by the teeth of the comb.Take the loaded comb from
36、the Fibrosampler, turn the samplearound to present a new surface to the perforated plate. If asecond comb is required, repeat the load procedure describedabove.10.1.2 Clean the card clothing on the Fibrosampler eachtime you change samples. This will avoid having the cottonthat has built up on the ca
37、rd cloth contaminate the new sampleTABLE 1 Mean LengthMaterialAverage,XRepeatabilityStandard Deviation,srReproducibilityStandard Deviation,sRRepeatabilityLimit,rReproducibilityLimit,R31 0.73166 0.01489 0.01820 0.04169 0.0509532 0.75766 0.02080 0.02562 0.05825 0.0717333 0.82322 0.01607 0.02076 0.0449
38、9 0.0581334 0.84932 0.01333 0.02317 0.03733 0.0648835 0.87984 0.01280 0.01514 0.03584 0.0424036 0.89328 0.01246 0.01694 0.03488 0.0474437 0.96546 0.01391 0.01505 0.03894 0.0421538 0.98014 0.04077 0.04237 0.11416 0.11862pima 1.08222 0.01668 0.02775 0.04671 0.07770TABLE 2 Upper Half Mean LengthMateria
39、lAverage,XRepeatabilityStandard Deviation,srReproducibilityStandard Deviation,sRRepeatabilityLimit,rReproducibilityLimit,R31 0.93258 0.01539 0.01874 0.04310 0.0524632 0.96402 0.02243 0.02624 0.06281 0.0734633 1.01490 0.01515 0.01998 0.04242 0.0559334 1.04744 0.01394 0.02300 0.03902 0.0643935 1.07026
40、 0.01653 0.01876 0.04629 0.0525236 1.09754 0.01684 0.01929 0.04714 0.0540137 1.15114 0.01508 0.01906 0.04223 0.0533738 1.17332 0.04057 0.04068 0.11358 0.11389pima 1.28310 0.02200 0.03091 0.06160 0.08655TABLE 3 Uniformity IndexMaterialAverage,XRepeatabilityStandard Deviation,srReproducibilityStandard
41、 Deviation,sRRepeatabilityLimit,rReproducibilityLimit,R31 78.462 0.709 0.805 1.985 2.25532 78.576 0.830 1.039 2.324 2.90833 81.108 0.739 0.923 2.070 2.58634 81.078 0.708 1.040 1.984 2.91335 82.216 0.813 1.012 2.276 2.83536 81.402 0.671 0.878 1.878 2.45837 83.872 0.738 0.897 2.068 2.51138 83.514 0.94
42、6 1.114 2.648 3.120pima 84.354 1.215 1.452 3.401 4.067TABLE 4 Short Fiber IndexMaterialAverage,XRepeatabilityStandard Deviation,srReproducibilityStandard Deviation,sRRepeatabilityLimit,rReproducibilityLimit,R31 15.044 1.025 1.156 2.870 3.23632 14.872 1.849 1.872 5.176 5.24233 9.792 0.793 0.995 2.222
43、 2.78734 10.592 0.800 1.047 2.241 2.93135 8.902 0.760 0.832 2.128 2.32936 9.758 0.587 0.699 1.643 1.95837 7.384 0.378 0.530 1.058 1.48438 7.786 0.431 0.521 1.207 1.458pima 8.024 0.406 0.483 1.137 1.352D1447 07 (2012)14and possibly skewing the test results. Cotton should also beremoved from the clean
44、ing brush as required. To do this, usethe cleaning brush provided with the equipment.11. Procedure11.1 After the Fibrograph is in proper operating condition(see 8.3) and the correct sampling procedure has been estab-lished, insert the loaded comb(s) into the combholder of theFibrograph with the bear
45、d of fibers pointing downward. Brushthe fibers with firm strokes of the Fibrograph brush to removeloose fibers, to straighten the other fibers without disturbingtheir distribution in the teeth of the comb(s), and thus completepreparation of the specimen. It is important that each sample isbrushed pr
46、operly so that consistent test results can be achieved.11.2 Lower the lens assembly (close the door) The combtransport will move the sample across the optics to measure thesample.11.3 Test either two or four specimens from each subsamplein the laboratory sample, depending on the precision desired,an
47、d if possible have two technicians participate with each onetesting one half the number of specimens.11.4 Read the upper-half-meanlength values in millimetresdirectly from the LED display of the Fibrograph.11.5 Read the uniformity index in percent directly from theLED display of the Fibrograph. A sw
48、itch in the back of theinstrument allows choosing which value is displayed on theLED display.11.6 Read the short fiber index (SFI) value in percentdirectly from the LED display on the Fibrograph.12. Report12.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed in TestMethod D1447. State the number of
49、specimens tested for eachsubsample.12.2 Report the following information:12.2.1 Designation of the length and uniformity indexvalues reported, such as upper-half-mean length (UHML),mean length (ML), uniformity index (ML/UHML) and shortfiber index (SFI).12.2.2 The average length, uniformity index and short fiberindex.12.2.3 The source of the cotton fibers taken for testing, suchas raw or partially processed cotton (up to card mat) or type ofcotton waste.13. Precision and Bias13.1 The precision of this test method is based on anInterlaboratory study of Test
