1、Designation: D1561 92 (Reapproved 2005)1D1561/D1561M 13Standard Practice forPreparation of Bituminous Mixture Test Specimens byMeans of California Kneading Compactor1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1561;D1561/D1561M; the number immediately following the designation indicatesthe
2、year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1 NOTEAdjunct references were corrected editorially in April 20
3、06.1. Scope1.1 The practice covers the preparation of test specimens of bituminous paving mixtures by means of a mechanical compactorthat imparts a kneading action to the test specimens by a series of individual impressions made with a ram.1.2 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
4、 which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.3 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values statedin each system m
5、ay not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the resp
6、onsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.3 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1560 Test
7、Methods for Resistance to Deformation and Cohesion of Bituminous Mixtures by Means of Hveem ApparatusD3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving MaterialsD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in
8、 Soil, Rock, and ConstructionMaterials Testing2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:California Kneading Compactor33. Significance and Use3.1 This practice can be used to prepare cylindrical specimens of bituminous mix for subsequent testing. The procedureincorporates the use of the California Kneading Compactor in an a
9、ttempt to duplicate the kneading action that is provided by theequipment now being used for the compaction of asphalt concrete pavement.NOTE 1The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and thecapability, calibration,
10、 and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capableof competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of the standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does notcompletely assure reli
11、able results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptableguideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Material
12、s and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.20 on MechanicalTests of Bituminous MixesMixtures.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2005Dec. 1, 2013. Published December 2005January 2014. Originally approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 20002005as D1561 92 (2000).(2005)1. DOI: 10.
13、1520/D1561-92R05E01.10.1520/D1561_D1561M-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Blueprints of d
14、etailed drawings of the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 1 are available from ASTM International Headquarters. Request Adjunct No. ADJD1561. Originaladjunct produced in 1960.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes
15、have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official
16、document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Apparatus4.1 California Kneading CompactorMechanical kneading compactor, as shown in Fig. 1,3 for consolidating test specimens.NOTE 2Kneading compactors, which on calibration
17、 develop a trace curve similar to that of the California kneading compactor, shall be consideredacceptable under this test method. Alternatively, any kneading compactor capable of fabricating specimens that will show stabilometer values equivalentto those obtained from the California kneading compac
18、tor shall be acceptable for use under this test method. The supplier has the responsibility offurnishing those substantiating data for his device.NOTE 3Curves are considered within calibration when they show the same peak pressure and dwell time in load time tract obtained in the calibrationprocedur
19、e. The tamping foot can be raised or lowered through a maximum distance of 254 mm 10 in. Provision is made for individual adjustmentsof down stroke rate, up stroke rate, up stroke return distance and dwell in the down position.NOTE 4This compactor shall be considered in calibration when the peak mom
20、entary load applied to a test specimen is held within 65 % of theintended foot pressure (within the range from 2.4 to 3.4 MPa) (350MPa 350 to 500 psi).psi).NOTE 5The stabilometer values from replicate specimens fabricated by this Practice D1561 and tested in accordance with Test Methods D1560, shall
21、fall within a range of 3 units for all dense-graded bituminous mixtures containing aggregates not larger than 12.7 mm (12 in.)in. and within a range of4 units for coarser graded bituminous mixtures containing up to 25.4-mm (1-in.)1-in. maximum size aggregates.4.2 Compactor FootAram having a face sha
22、ped as shown in Fig. 2, and having an area of approximately 20.059 cm2 (3.13.1in.2).4.3 Mold Holder, Funnel, and Feeder Trough, Compaction Mold in Kneading Compactor, as shown in Fig. 3.FIG. 1 California Kneading CompactorD1561/D1561M 1324.4 MoldsMolding cylinders, 101.6 6 0.13 mm (44 6 0.005 in.)in
23、. in inside diameter by 127 mm (5 in.)5 in. in height.A minimum of three such compaction molds is recommended.4.5 RodRound-nose steel rod, 9.5 mm (38 in.)in. in diameter by 406.4 mm (16 in.)16 in. long.4.6 Paper DisksHeavy paper disks, 101.6 mm (4 in.)4 in. in diameter.4.7 ShimSteel shim, 6.4 mm (14
24、 in.)in. thick, 19.1 mm (34 in.)in. wide, and 63.5 mm (2212 in.)in. long.4.8 Metal FollowersTwo metal followers, 101.2 mm (3.985 in.)3.985 in. in diameter; one 139.7 mm (5.5 in.)5.5 in. high,the other 38.1 mm (1.5 in.)1.5 in. high.4.9 Testing MachineA compression testing machine having a minimum cap
25、acity of 22 kN (50 000 lbf).50 000 lbf.4.10 OvensElectric ovens capable of maintaining temperatures of up to 163C (325F).325F.4.11 BalanceA balance having a minimum capacity of 5 kg and meeting the requirements of Specification D4753 for abalance with 0.01-g readability.4.12 Sample Splitter, riffle-
26、type, or equivalent.4.13 Sample Mixing ApparatusUse suitable equipment. Hand mixing is permissible, but mechanical mixing is recommended.4.14 Miscellaneous ApparatusThermometers, trowels, pans, spatulas, scoops, gloves, and metal pans.5. Test Specimens5.1 Selection of Bitumen Content for SpecimensTh
27、e optimum amount of bitumen for the aggregate may be determined by themethod commonly employed by the laboratory.5.2 Preparation of Mixtures:5.2.1 Obtain a sieve analysis on the fine and coarse aggregate (aggregate shall be separated by means of a 4.75-mm (No. 4)sieve). Separate the aggregate into t
28、he various size fractions necessary for accurately recombining into test mixtures conformingto specified grading requirements.FIG. 2 Face of Compactor RamD1561/D1561M 1335.2.2 Combine the moisture-free aggregates into batches weighing 1200 g. 6 10 g 2.65 6 0.02 lbm. (Every effort should bemade to fa
29、bricate test specimens 64 6 3 mm (2.52.5 6 0.1 in.)in. in height. Heat the aggregate to the proper mixing temperature;then weigh the required amount of bitumen at the proper temperature into the aggregate mixture. For mixes employing asphaltcement, the temperature of the aggregate and asphalt at the
30、 time mixing begins shall be in accordance with the following:Temperature Range,C (F)Grade min maxAC-2.5, AR1000, or 200300 Pen 99(210) 121(250)AC-5, AR2000, or 120150 Pen 110(230) 135(275)AC-10, AR4000, or 85100 Pen 121(250) 149(300)AC-20, AR8000, or 6070 Pen 132(270) 163(325)AC-40, AR16000, or 405
31、0 Pen 132(270) 163(325)Temperature Range,C FGrade min maxPG 64-10 99 210 121 250PG 64-16 110 230 135 275PG 64-28 121 250 149 300PG 70-10 132 270 163 325Mixtures containing liquid asphalts do not require heat for mixing. For tar mixtures, heat the aggregates and tar to the desiredtemperatures, not to
32、 exceed 107C (225F).225F. Mixing of the aggregate and bitumen shall be as thorough and rapid aspossible; mechanical mixing is recommended.5.2.3 When mixing is completed, transfer the mix to a suitable flat pan approximately 279 by 178 by 25 mm (1111 by 7 by1 in.)in. and cure this mixture for 2 to 3
33、h at a temperature of 146 6 3C (2956 5F).2956 5F.NOTE 6Another procedure that has been used is to cure this mixture for 15 to 18 h at a temperature of 60 6 3C (140140 6 5F)5F in an ovenequipped with air circulation.NOTE 7Bituminous mixtures may also be prepared in accordance with requirements of oth
34、er test methods for which it is desired to use the Californiakneading compactor.5.3 Compaction of Specimens:5.3.1 TemperaturesUse one of the three following specified temperatures when compacting the bituminous mixture. Themixtures and molds shall be brought to temperature prior to molding operation
35、s.5.3.1.1 60C (140F)140F for mixtures containing liquid-grade asphalts.5.3.1.2 110C (230F)230F for mixtures containing paving grade asphalts.5.3.1.3 Room temperature for mixtures containing liquid grade asphalts when it is desired to test with whatever moisture maybe present in the mixture.FIG. 3 Fu
36、nnel, Feeder Trough, and Mold Assembly of the California Kneading CompactorD1561/D1561M 1345.3.2 Molding SpecimensPlace the compaction mold in position in the mold holder and insert a paper disk, 101.6 mm (4 in.)4in. in diameter, to cover the base plate of the mold holder. Place a steel shim under t
37、he edge of the mold temporarily in order tohave the base plate of the mold holder act as a free-fitting plunger during the compaction operation. Preheat the round-nose rod.Weigh out the required amount of bituminous mixture for one specimen at the specified temperature and place in the insulatedfeed
38、er trough, which shall have been preheated approximately to the compaction temperature for mixture. Spread the mixtureuniformly on the feeder trough to ensure uniformity when transferring to the mold. By means of a paddle of suitable dimensionsto fit the cross section of the trough, push one-half of
39、 the mixture into the mold. Rod the one-half portion of the mixture 20 timesin the center of the mass and 20 times around the edge by means of the round-nose rod. Transfer the remainder of the sample tothe mold and repeat the rodding procedure. Place the mold and assembly into position on the Califo
40、rnia kneading compactor. Bymeans of the variable transformer controlling the heater, maintain the compactor foot sufficiently hot to prevent the mixture fromadhering to it. Apply approximately 20 tamping blows at a pressure of 1.7 MPa (250 psi).250 psi. The number of tamping blowswill vary, dependin
41、g upon the type of the mixture, the purpose being to form the mixture into a semi-compacted condition so thatit will not be unduly disturbed by the full pressure of 3.4 MPa (500 psi).500 psi. After semi-compaction has been accomplished,remove the shim and release the mold-tightening screw sufficient
42、ly to allow approximately 3 mm (18 in.)in. side movement ofthe mold. Increase the compactor foot pressure to 3.4 MPa and apply 150 tamping blows to complete compaction in the Californiakneading compactor.NOTE 8When testing referee samples for the purpose of qualifying a compactor, use only material
43、for the test specimens which will compact underthe maximum foot pressure prescribed in 5.3.2 without visible movement, distortion, or penetration of the compactor foot.NOTE 9In some instances where sandy or unstable material is involved, it may not be possible to accomplish the compaction in the kne
44、adingcompactor because of undue movement of the mixture under the compactor foot. In these instances use a 178-kN (40 000-lbf)40 000-lbf static load (fora 101.6-mm (4-in.)4-in. diameter specimen) applied by the double plunger method in which a free-fitting plunger is placed on both the bottom and to
45、pof the test specimen. Apply the load at the rate of 1.3 mm (0.05 in.)/min0.05 in./min and hold for 30 6 5 s.5.3.3 Application of Static LoadAfter compaction in the California kneading compactor, place the mold and the specimen inan oven at 60C (140F)140F for the following periods of time prior to a
46、pplying the static leveling off load:If compacted at 60C (140F) 1 hIf compacted at 110C (230F) 1.5 hIf compacted at 60C 140F 1 hIf compacted at 110C 230F 1.5 h5.3.4 The “leveling off” load shall consist of the application of a static load of 56 kN (12 600 lbf)12 600 lbf in a compressiontesting machi
47、ne. Use a testing machine head or platen speed of 6 mm (0.25 in.)/min.0.25 in./min. Apply the load by the doubleplunger method in which metal followers are employed as free-fitting plungers on the top and bottom of the specimen. Afterreleasing the “leveling off” load, measure the height of the speci
48、men to the nearest 0.25 mm (0.01 in.),0.01 in., record themeasurement, and place the specimen, in the mold, in an oven in order to obtain the desired temperature for testing.NOTE 10A push-out device for removing the specimen is described in Test Methods D1560. The temperature of the specimen and the
49、 method oftransfer from the mold to the stabilometer are given in the procedure of Test Methods D1560.6. Report6.1 Report the following information:6.1.1 Specimen curing procedure,6.1.2 Height of the specimen, and6.1.3 Temperature of compaction in the California kneading compactor.7. Precision and Bias7.1 Since the procedure is used only for the preparation of test specimens, no precision statement can be d
