1、Designation: D 16 08Standard Terminology forPaint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 16; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.An
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This standard consists of technical terms used in stan-d
3、ards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 (onPaint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications), andof definitions suitable for use in these standards.NOTE 1When any definition in this standards is quoted or publishedout of the context of this standard, editorially insert the following
4、delimiting statement “for paints and related coatings, materials, andapplications” after the dash following the term (in the absence of anexisting delimiting statement). This will limit the filed of application ofthe term and definition to that approved by this committee.1.2 In this terminology stan
5、dard, definitions used in otherASTM standards are indicated by following the definition withthe designation of that standard. In some cases, a relevant D01subcommittee is also listed. Definitions influenced by thoseused by other organizations are indicated by the acronym of theorganization. Primary
6、terms are given in bold, while narrowerand unapproved terms are given in italics.1.3 There are several specialized terminology standardsunder the jurisdiction of Committee D01, as follows: D 804,D 1695, D 6440, D 6488, and D 7188. Few definitions fromthose standards are included in Terminology D 16.
7、 Therefore,in searches for definitions of paints and coatings terms, thesestandards should be included where appropriate.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 804 Terminology Relating to Naval Stores, Including TallOil and Related ProductsD 968 Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of OrganicC
8、oatings by Falling AbrasiveD 1475 Test Method For Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks,and Related ProductsD 1653 Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission ofOrganic Coating FilmsD 1695 Terminology of Cellulose and Cellulose DerivativesD 1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and ColorDifferences
9、of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque MaterialsD 1736 Test Method for Efflorescence of Interior WallPaints3D 1848 Classification for Reporting Paint Film FailuresCharacteristic of Exterior Latex Paints3D 2794 Test Method for Resistance of Organic Coatings tothe Effects of Rapid Deformation (Impact)D 3450
10、Test Method for Washability Properties of InteriorArchitectural CoatingsD 4062 Test Method for Leveling of Paints by Draw-DownMethodD 4209 Practice for Determining Volatile and NonvolatileContent of Cellulosics, Emulsions, Resin Solutions, Shel-lac, and VarnishesD 4366 Test Methods for Hardness of O
11、rganic Coatings byPendulum Damping Tests3D 4958 Test Method for Comparison of the Brush Drag ofLatex PaintsD 5146 Guide to Testing Solvent-Borne Architectural Coat-ingsD 5178 Test Method for Mar Resistance of Organic Coat-ingsD 6440 Terminology Relating to Hydrocarbon ResinsD 6488 Terminology Relati
12、ng to Print ProblemsD 7188 Terminology for Printing Inks, Materials, and Pro-cessesE 284 Terminology of Appearance2.2 EPA Documents:4450/3-83-013R Glossary forAir Pollution Control of Indus-trial Coating OperationsMethod 24, 40 CFR Part 60, Appendix A Determination of1This terminology is under the j
13、urisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.16 on Terminology.Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published August 2008. Originallyapproved in 1911. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 16 -
14、07.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Available from United States Environmental Pro
15、tection Association (EPA),Ariel Rios Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460, http:/www.epa.gov.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Volatil
16、e Matter Content, Water Content, Density, VolumeSolids, and Weight Solids of Surface Coatings3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms having to do with appearance,see Terminology E 284.3.2 Definitions:abrasion resistance, n(for coatings) the ability of a coatingto resist being worn away and to mai
17、ntain its originalappearance and structure when subjected to rubbing, scrap-ing, or wear. D 968, D01.23acid number, n(for coatings) the number of milligrams ofpotassium hydroxide (KOH) required to neutralize the freeacids in1gofanoil, resin, varnish, or other substance;generally reported on the nonv
18、olatile content.acid valuesee acid number.acrylic resinunder resin, synthetic, see acrylic resin.additive, na substance added in small quantities to anothersubstance, usually to improve specific properties (for ex-ample, a drier, mildewcide, etc.).adhesion promoter, na material built into a binder o
19、r addedto a paint to form primary bonds to either the substrate or thepreviously applied coating, with the specific aim of improv-ing the dry or wet adhesion, or both. D01.23alkyd resinunder resin, synthetic, see alkyd resin.architectural coating, norganic coating intended for on-siteapplication to
20、interior or exterior surfaces of residential,commercial, institutional, or industrial buildings, in contrastto industrial coatings. D 5146, D01.42DISCUSSIONThey are protective and decorative finishes applied atambient temperatures. Often called Trade Sales Coatings.associative thickener, nwater-solu
21、ble polymers containinghydrophobic groups that are capable of nonspecific hydro-phobic association similar to surfactants that elevate viscos-ity presumably by association between thickener particles orthickener and dispersed particles that may be present in theaqueous system such as latex particles
22、 rather than throughhigh molecular weight or chain stiffness of the thickenermolecules themselves.autodeposition, na single-step immersion metal finishingprocess in which an organic coating is applied by means ofunique surface chemical reactions carried out in an aqueouslatex dispersion, also referr
23、ed to as chemiphoresis. Compo-nents within the bath give rise to chemical reactions thatslightly solubilize the metallic surface and lead to destabili-zation, deposition, and coalescence of the dispersed latexparticles at that surface.DISCUSSIONThe deposition rate of the latex is controlled by the r
24、ateof surface solubilization. The process does not require any pretreat-ments such as phosphating, needs no external energy input, and givesrise to deposition wherever the solution wets the substrate. Irregularlyshaped parts can be uniformly coated.baking finish, na paint or varnish that requires ba
25、king attemperatures above 150F (65C) for the development ofdesired properties.baking temperature, na temperature above 150F (65C).batch, nthe total quantity of a material produced in a singlefinal mixing operation after all production processes arecomplete, or just prior to filling.bituminous varnis
26、hunder varnish, see bituminous varnish.bleeding, nthe diffusion of coloring matter through a coatingfrom the substrate; also, the discoloration arising from suchdiffusion. In the case of printing ink, the spreading orrunning of a pigment color by the action of a solvent such aswater or alcohol.blist
27、ering resistance, nthe ability of a coating to resist theformation in the film of dome-shaped, liquid- or gas-filledprojections resulting from local loss of adhesion and liftingof the film from the previously applied coating or thesubstrate.blocking, nfor coatings other than powder coatings, thestic
28、king of a coated surface to an adjacent surface when thetwo surfaces have been in contact for an extended period oftime. D01.42brush-drag, nresistance encountered when applying a coat-ing by brush, directly related to the high-shear viscosity ofthe coating. D 4958, D01.42bulking value, nsolid volume
29、 of a unit weight of material,usually expressed as gallons per pound. For practical pur-poses this is 0.120 divided by the specific gravity.caulking compound, na soft, plastic material, consisting ofpigment and vehicle, used for sealing joints in buildings andother structures where normal structural
30、 movement mayoccur.DISCUSSIONCaulking compound retains its plasticity for an ex-tended period after application. It is available in forms suitable forapplication by gun and knife and in extruded preformed shapes.cellulose lacquersee lacquer.chalking resistance, nthe ability of a pigmented coating to
31、resist the formation of a friable powder on its surface causedby the disintegration of the binding medium by degradativeweather factors.checking resistance, nthe ability of a coating to resist slightbreaks in the film that do not penetrate to the previouslyapplied coating or to the substrate. The br
32、eaks should becalled cracks if penetration extends to the previously appliedcoating or to the substrate. See cracking resistance.chipping resistance, nthe ability of a coating or layers ofcoatings to resist removal, usually in small pieces, resultingfrom impact by hard objects or from wear during se
33、rvice.coating, n(1) a liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition thatis converted by evaporation, cross-linking, or cooling to asolid or semisolid protective, decorative, or functional ad-herent layer after application; (2) the solid or semisolid layerresulting from application of the composition ab
34、ove.DISCUSSIONLiquefiable can involve melting or suspending. Coat-ings include, but are not limited to, paints, varnishes, sealers, and stains.color of an object, nthe aspect of the appearance of anobject dependent upon the spectral composition of theincident light, the spectral reflectance or trans
35、mittance of theobject, and the spectral response of the observer.hue, nthe attribute of color perception by means of whicha color is judged to be red, orange, yellow, green, blue,purple, or intermediate between adjacent pairs of these,D16082considered in a close ring, red and purple being an adjacen
36、tpair. (White, gray and black colors possess no hue). E 284DISCUSSIONThe short end of the spectrum is violet, with purple bydefinition being a nonspectral combination of red and violet. Thepractice of replacing violet by purple in the roster of object colors isapparently a practical accommodation to
37、 color-order requirements, asdescribed in the Munsell system. See Practice D 1729.lightness, n(1) the attribute by which a perceived color isjudged to be equivalent to a member of a series of graysranging from black to white; (2) the attribute of colorperception by which a non-self-luminous body is
38、judged toreflect more or less light. E 284saturationattribute of a visual sensation that permits ajudgment to be made of the proportion of pure chromaticcolor in the total sensation. E 284contrast ratio, nratio of the reflectance of a dry paint filmover a black substrate of 5 % or less reflectance,
39、to thereflectance of the same paint, equivalently applied and dried,over a substrate of 80 % reflectance.coverage, coverage rate, covering powerambiguous termsthat are used in some instances to refer to hiding power andin others to mean spreading rate. The precise terms hidingpower and spreading rat
40、e are preferred.cracking resistance, nthe ability of a coating to resist breaksof the film where the breaks extend through to the surfacepainted and the previously applied coating or the substrate isvisible. The use of a minimum magnification of 10 diametersis recommended in cases where it is diffic
41、ult to differentiatebetween cracking and checking. See checking resistance.crawling, ndefect in which the wet film recedes fromlocalized areas of the substrate (usually caused by insuffi-cient wetting) leaving those areas uncoated. D 1848,D01.42curtainingsee sag or sagging.density, nthe mass per uni
42、t volume of a substrate at aspecified temperature and pressure; usually expressed ing/mL, kg,L, g/cm3, g/L, kg/m3or lb/gal. See specificgravity. D01.23, D01.24DISCUSSION(1) g/mL = kg/L = g/cm3; g/L = kg/m3.(2) Density(lb/gal) = Density (g/mL) 3 8.345405 . (3) The temperature should be25C for best co
43、nformance with Test Method D 1475. For liquids andsolids, which are the usual concerns of Committee D01, the pressureneed not be specified. (4) Density of water at 25C = 0.997044 g/mL =8.32 lb/gal.dirt(for coatings) see soil.dirt resistance, n(for coatings) the ability of a coating toresist soiling
44、by foreign material, other than microorganisms,deposited on or embedded in the dried coating.distinctness-of-image gloss, nthe sharpness with whichimage outlines are reflected by the surface of an object.dope, na composition, usually a cellulosic lacquer, forapplication on textiles and leathers.drie
45、r, nan additive that accelerates the drying of an oil,paint, printing ink, or varnish.DISCUSSIONDriers are usually metallic compositions and are avail-able in both solid and liquid forms.drying oil, nan oil that possesses to a marked degree theproperty of readily taking up oxygen from the air andcha
46、nging to a relatively hard, tough, elastic substance whenexposed in a thin film to the air.durability, na relative term indicating degree of perma-nency. It may be applied to individual protective, decorative,or functional properties, for example, “the durability ofgloss,” but if used in a general w
47、ay, for example, “theexcellent durability of a paint,” implies the ability of thedescribed coating to retain, to the indicated degree, all theproperties required for the continued service of the coating.edge-tracking, na residual, discernible pattern in a roller-applied coating, characterized by tra
48、ils from either or bothends of the roller.efflorescence, na condition that occurs when soluble salts ina dry coating or the substrate migrate to the surface due tothe movement of water through the film; characterized by a(commonly) white, nonuniform powder or crystalline incrus-tation, not removable
49、 with neutral water but usually removedwith dilute mineral acid. D 1736, D 1848, D01.42DISCUSSIONThe previously water-soluble salts become insoluble atthe surface of the film due to reaction with carbon dioxide of the air.emulsion paintunder paint, see emulsion paint.enamel, na paint that is characterized by an ability to forman especially smooth film.erosion resistance, nthe ability of a coating to withstandbeing worn away by chalking or by the abrasive action ofwater or windborne particles of grit. The degree of resistanc
