1、Designation: D1634 17Standard Test Method forCompressive Strength of Soil-Cement Using Portions ofBeams Broken in Flexure (Modified Cube Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1634; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the com-pressive strength of soil-cemen
3、t, using portions of beamsbroken in flexure in accordance with Test Method D1635,astest specimens.1.2 UnitsThe values stated in inch-pound units are to beregarded as standard, except as noted below. The values givenin parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units, whichare provided for inform
4、ation only and are not consideredstandard.1.2.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is usedwhen dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound(lbf) represents a unit of force (weight) while the unit for massis slugs.1.2.2 The slug unit of mass is almost never used incommercial pra
5、ctice; that is, density, balances, etc. Therefore,the standard unit for mass in this standard is either kilogram(kg) or gram (g), or both. Also, the equivalent inch-pound unit(slug) is not given/presented in parantheses.1.2.3 It is common practice in the engineering/constructionprofession to concurr
6、ently use pounds to represent both a unitof mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines twoseparate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and thegravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combinethe use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a singlestand
7、ard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitationalsystem of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slugunit for mass. However the use of balances or scales, recordingpounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft3shall notbe regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.3 All obs
8、erved and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026 unless superseded by this test method.1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as theindustry standard.
9、In addition, they are representative of thesignificant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-dures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives; and it is common practice toincrease or r
10、educe significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof these test methods to consider significant digits used inanalysis methods for engineering data.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated w
11、ith its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized
12、 principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating
13、to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD1632 Practice for Making and Curing Soil-Cement Com-pression and Flexure Test Specimens in the LaboratoryD1633 Test Methods for Compressive Strength of MoldedSoil-Cement CylindersD1635 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Soil-CementUsing Simple Beam with Third-Poi
14、nt LoadingD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD6026 Practice for Using Significant Dig
15、its in GeotechnicalData1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.15 on Stabilization WithAdmixtures.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017. Published November 2017. Originallyapproved in 1959. Last previous ed
16、ition approved in 2006 as D1634 00(2006),which was withdrawn in July 2015 and reinstated in November 2017. DOI:10.1520/D1634-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informatio
17、n, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance
18、 with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1E4 Practices for Force Verification o
19、f Testing Machines3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms in thisstandard, refer to Terminology D653.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is intended for use in the laboratoryand as a research tool for determining relative compressivestrength values for v
20、arious soil-cement mixtures. It is notintended as an alternative for Test Method D1633 and the testvalues obtained by these two test methods are not interchange-able and not necessarily comparable. A comparison ofstrengths obtained by Test Methods D1633 and D1634 is givenby Feld and Abrams.3NOTE 1Th
21、e quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspec
22、tion/etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assurereliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Compression Testing MachineThe testing machinemay b
23、e of any type having sufficient capacity and control toprovide the rate of loading prescribed in 7.2. The testingmachine shall be equipped with a spherically seated head blockhaving a bearing surface of at least 75 % of the width of thespecimen but not greatly in excess of the width of thespecimen.
24、The movable portion of this block shall be heldclosely in the spherical seat, but the design shall be such thatthe bearing face can be rotated freely and tilted through smallangles in any direction. The compression machine shall beverified in accordance with Practice E4 at least annually todetermine
25、 if indicated loads are accurate to 61.0 % in theapplicable range of loading.5.2 Bearing PlatesSquare, hardened steel bearing plates0.75 6 0.05 in. (19 6 0.13 mm) thick with side dimensions of3 6 0.005 in. (75 6 0.13 mm) (for standard beams as describedin D1632). The bearing faces when new shall not
26、 depart froma plane by more than 0.0005 in. (0.013 mm) at any point, andthey shall be maintained within a permissible variation of0.001 in. (0.025 mm). The bearing plate surfaces intended forcontact with the specimen shall have a Rockwell hardness ofnot less than HRC 60.6. Test Specimens6.1 The stan
27、dard size beams from which broken portions areselected for the compression test shall conform to the require-ments of D1632. However, a similar test method may be usedfor testing specimens from other beam sizes. The beam-endspecimens shall have a length at least 1 in. (25 mm) greaterthan their depth
28、 and shall be free from cracks, chippedsurfaces, or other obvious defects. Test the specimens on theirsides with respect to their molded position.6.2 During the interval between testing of specimens asbeams and testing the broken portions as cubes, maintain thespecimens at a constant water content b
29、y suitable protection.6.3 Determine the width (original height) of the standardspecimen at the point where the test will be made to the nearest0.01 in. (0.25 mm) if it is less than 3 in. (76.2 mm); otherwisetake it equal to 3 in. (76.2 mm). Take the length equal to 3 in.(76.2 mm). Calculate the cros
30、s-sectional area.6.4 Check the smoothness of the faces with a straightedge.If necessary, cap the faces to meet the requirements of thesection on Capping Specimens of Practice D1632. The capsshall cover the full width of the specimen and shall be of suchlength as to permit adjustment of the bearing p
31、lates for the testso that the upper bearing plate may be placed directly over thelower bearing plate.7. Procedure7.1 Place the specimen on its side between the hardenedsteel bearing plates directly under the spherically seated headof the testing machine, making certain that the vertical axis ofthe s
32、pecimen is aligned with the center of thrust of the head.Use a device such as a guide template to ensure that the upperbearing plate is directly over the lower bearing plate. As thespherically seated head is brought to bear on the top bearingplate, rotate its movable portion gently by hand so that u
33、niformseating is obtained.7.2 Apply a constant rate of deformation without shock toproduce an approximate rate of strain of 0.05 in./min (0.02mm/s).Alternatively, the load may be applied at a constant rateresulting in a rate of stress of 10 to 30 psi/s (70 to 210 kPa/s).Apply the load until it decre
34、ases steadily, indicating failure.Record the maximum load carried by the specimen during thetest to the nearest 10 lbf (45 N).7.3 Determine the water content of the test specimen inaccordance withTest Method D2216 using the entire specimen,unless capped. If the specimen is capped, break away as much
35、material as practical from the capping, for the water contentspecimen.8. Calculation8.1 Calculate the unit compressive strength of the specimenby dividing the recorded maximum load by the cross-sectionalarea determined as described in 6.3.9. Report: Test Data Sheet(s)/Form(s)9.1 The methodology used
36、 to specify how data are recordedon the test data sheet(s)/form(s) is covered in 1.3.9.2 Record as a minimum the following general information(data):9.2.1 Testing date, operator name, location, and uniqueconditions.9.2.2 Information on the sample from which the test speci-men was obtained.9.3 Record
37、 as a minimum the following test specimen data:3Felt, E. J., Abrams, M. S., Strength and Elastic Properties of CompactedSoil-Cement Mixtures, ASTM STP 206, ASTM, 1957.D1634 1729.3.1 Specimen identification number,9.3.2 Width and length of test area,9.3.3 Cross-sectional area, of test area,9.3.4 Maxi
38、mum load carried by the specimen,9.3.5 Compressive strength,9.3.6 Age of specimen, and9.3.7 Mass of specimen,9.3.8 Water content of test specimen, and9.3.9 Details of curing and conditioning periods.10. Precision and Bias10.1 PrecisionThe precision of this test method has notbeen established by an i
39、nterlaboratory test program. However,based on test data that are available, the following may serve asa guide to the variability of compressive strength by themodified cube method.10.1.1 Felt and Abrams (1957)3performed tests in a singlelaboratory on a silt loam soil with 92 % passing the No. 200sie
40、ve. Liquid limit and plasticity index of soil were 26 and 7,respectively. The series of tests consisted of 24 specimens, 12at 6 % cement and 12 at 14 % cement. The specimens werecured in a moist room at 23C (73 F) for 28 days. Results oftests on the 76 76-mm (3 3-in.) modified cubes are givenin Tabl
41、e 1.10.2 BiasThere is no accepted reference value for this testmethod, therefore, bias cannot be determined.11. Keywords11.1 soil-cement; soil stabilization; unconfined compressivestrengthSUMMARY OF CHANGESIn accordance with Committee D18 policy, this section identifies the location of changes to th
42、is standard sincethe last edition (2000 (Reapproved 2006) that may impact the use of the standard. (November 1, 2017)(1) Updated standard caveats in Section 1.(2) Made units policy consistent throughout the standard.(3) Updated 2.1 references.(4) Clarified requirements in 5.1 and 5.2.(5) Added clari
43、fication wording in Section 6.(6) Clarified application of load requirements and added pro-cedural steps in Section 7.(7) Updated and expanded Report section.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standa
44、rd. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewe
45、d every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible
46、technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consh
47、ohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to p
48、hotocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 1 PrecisionAveragecompressivestrength, psiStandarddeviation,psiCoefficient ofvariation,%Specimens with 6 % cement 473 35 7.4Specimens with 14 % cement 887 47 5.3D1634 173
