1、Designation: D 1666 87 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Test Methods forConducting Machining Tests of Wood and Wood-BaseMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1666; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONOne of the significant characteristics of wood is the facility with which it can be machined andfabricate
3、d. Different species, however, vary greatly in their behavior under cutting tools, so that somesystematic method is needed for determining their suitability for uses where the character of themachined surface is of prime importance. Such uses include cabinetwork, millwork, and otherproducts where fa
4、vorable machining properties are essential to good finish. For such products ascommon boards, on the other hand, good machining properties are secondary, although still an asset.The machining test procedures presented in these test methods cover such common operations asplaning, shaping, turning, bo
5、ring, mortising, and sanding. They are the result of many years ofextensive research and development and include practical methods for qualitatively evaluating andinterpreting the results. Because of their satisfactory use with a wide range of materials, it is believedthat the methods are equally ap
6、plicable to species, hardwoods and softwoods, and to wood-basematerials, such as plywood, particleboard, and hardboard.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover procedures for planing, shap-ing, turning, mortising, boring, and sanding, all of which arecommon wood-working operations used in the manufactur
7、e ofwood products. These tests apply, in different degrees, to twogeneral classes of materials:1.1.1 Wood in the form of lumber, and1.1.2 Wood-base panel materials.1.2 Because of the importance of planing, some of thevariables that affect the results of this operation are exploredwith a view to dete
8、rmining optimum conditions. In most of theother tests, however, it is necessary to limit the work to one setof fairly typical commercial conditions in which all thedifferent woods are treated alike.1.3 Several factors enter into any complete appraisal of themachining properties of a given wood. Qual
9、ity of finishedsurface is recommended as the basis for evaluation of machin-ing properties. Rate of dulling of cutting tools and powerconsumed in cutting are also important considerations but arebeyond the scope of these test methods.1.4 Although the methods presented include the results ofprogressi
10、ve developments in the evaluation of machiningproperties, further improvements may be anticipated. Forexample, by present procedures, quality of the finished surfaceis evaluated by visual inspection, but as new mechanical orphysical techniques become available that will afford improvedprecision of e
11、valuation, they should be employed.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound unitsmay be approximate.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibili
12、ty of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Definitions and Descriptions of Terms2.1 A number of special terms relating to wood and tomachining are used in describing the procedures f
13、or the variousmachining studies. Definitions and descriptions of a number ofthe important terms used are presented in Appendix X1.3. Significance and Use3.1 Machining tests are made to determine the workingqualities and characteristics of different species of wood and ofdifferent wood and wood-base
14、materials under a variety ofmachine operations such as are encountered in commercial1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 onWood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.01 on FundamentalTest Methods and Properties.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2004. Pu
15、blished October 2004. Originallyapproved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 1666 87 (1999).1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.manufacturing practice. The tests provide a systematic basisfor comparing th
16、e behavior of different species with respect towoodworking machine operations and of evaluating theirpotential suitability for certain uses where these properties areof prime importance.4. Apparatus4.1 MachinesTo yield data that can be duplicated forcomparative purposes, all machines used in these t
17、ests shall bemodern commercial size machines of good make, in goodmechanical condition, and operated by fully qualified persons.Numerous machines meet these requirements, and no attemptis made to do more than describe the preferred type of machinefor each test in very general terms (Note 1). Complet
18、einformation on the machine used, the cutting tool, and theoperating conditions of each test shall be made part of therecord.NOTE 1Where machines with all of these qualifications are notavailable, machines that are inferior in some respects have limited uses,such as for comparing the machining prope
19、rties of species for local useunder local conditions.4.2 Sharpness of Knives and CuttersCarbide-tippedknives and cutters shall be the preferred type because of themuch longer sharpness life of that material. High-speed steelshall be second choice and carbon steel third. The cutting toolmaterial used
20、 shall be made part of the record. Every precau-tion shall be taken to keep the sharpness uniformly good in alltests by resharpening when necessary.NOTE 2A practical measure of the deterioration of a machined lumbersurface because of dulling of the cutting tool can be had by the use of twocheck samp
21、les. They should come from the same board of some speciesthat machines exceptionally well, such as mahogany. Both should bemachined with a freshly sharpened cutting tool at the outset. One will beretained in that condition as a control, and the other, at intervals of1horso as experience dictates, sh
22、all be machined with the regular testspecimens and compared with the control. When the machined surfacedeteriorates perceptibly, as indicated by this comparison, the cutting toolshould be resharpened.Similarly with particle board or hardboard, some well-known productthat has good machining propertie
23、s may be used as a control material forcomparison.5. Shipment and Protection of Samples5.1 All test material shall be properly protected in shipmentto ensure its delivery in satisfactory condition for the requiredtests. On receipt, the material shall be carefully protected toprevent deterioration pe
24、nding the preparation for the tests.6. General Requirements of Samples6.1 The tests shall be made on seasoned material.6.2 Lumber shall be clear (Note 3), sound, well-manufactured, and accurately identified as to species. It may beeither rough or dressed.NOTE 3Clear means free from all defects, incl
25、uding knots, stain,incipient decay, surface checks, end splits, compression wood, and tensionwood.6.3 Particleboard and hardboard samples may be typicalcommercial products or samples of new boards under devel-opment as the occasion requires. In either case, the kind orkinds of wood, the density, and
26、 the amount and kind of bindershould be known and made part of the record. Particleboardand hardboard shall be typical of the product under consider-ation as they are manufactured and marketed. For the planingand sanding tests, the particleboard and hardboard samplesshould be procured in the unsurfa
27、ced condition, wheneverpossible, so that these evaluations may be made on the samepart of the material that will be removed from the board in thenormal use conditions where planing and sanding are done.6.4 Test samples of lumber shall be so selected as to excludethe small amount at each extreme that
28、 is not fairly typical of thespecies under consideration in number of rings per inch(average ring width per millimetre).NOTE 4Number of rings per inch is determined by visual count alonga line perpendicular to the growth rings. Different samples of a givenspecies often differ widely in this respect,
29、 and often the samples at bothextremes are not typical in their properties.7. Dimensions and Weight of Samples7.1 Lumber samples shall be dried to a uniform moisturecontent of 6 % before testing, or to such other moisture contentas may be specified.7.2 Samples must be large enough to yield the minim
30、umacceptable size (0.75 by 5 in. by 4 ft) (19 by 127 mm 3 1.2 m)when at the prescribed moisture content and surfaced smoothlyon two sides. Where it is desired to make more planer cuts thanare specified, lumber thicker than 1 in. (25 mm) may be used.7.3 Lumber test samples shall be so selected as to
31、excludethe small amount at each extreme of weight that is not typicalof the species under consideration.NOTE 5Different samples of a species sometimes vary in density byas much as a 2-to-1 ratio. The properties exhibited by samples at eitherextreme of density are not typical of the species as a whol
32、e.7.4 Particleboard and hardboard test material shall be typi-cal in dimensions and weight of the products under consider-ation as they are manufactured and marketed.8. Sampling8.1 A total of 50 test samples of lumber is required for eachspecies tested (Note 6). Except in the few species where thema
33、king of some quartered lumber is standard practice, thesamples shall be commercial flat grain. The test material shallbe selected by one fully qualified to identify the species, tojudge if it is fairly representative of the product being shipped,and if it meets the specifications. If only explorator
34、y tests areto be made, a smaller number of samples may be selected.NOTE 6It is desirable that the samples represent numerous differenttrees and logs. The material for tests should preferably be obtained in logform and then sawn to the desired size. When this is not possible, it willbe necessary to s
35、elect random samples from a lumber pile.8.2 For each type of particleboard tested, five samples (Note7) shall be selected, one from each of five different sheets. Thesize of these samples (Fig. 1) shall be 2 by 4 ft (610 by 1220mm), and the thickness in different products shall be asmanufactured (No
36、te 8).NOTE 7Particleboard and hardboard of any one process and mill aremuch more uniform in their properties than different boards of a givenspecies. For this reason, five samples selected as described in 8.2 areD 1666 87 (2004)2considered sufficient to give representative results.NOTE 8For sawing t
37、ests where power consumption is an importantfactor, material thicker than 0.75 in. (19 mm) shall be reduced to thatthickness before test. For material thinner than 0.75 in., a sufficientnumber of pieces shall be laminated together to provide the 0.75-in.thickness.8.3 For each type of hardboard teste
38、d, five samples shall beselected, one from each of five different sheets. The size ofthese samples shall be 2 by 4 ft (610 by 1220 mm), and thethickness shall be that of the hardboard as manufactured.9. Preparation of Test Specimens from Lumber9.1 Each different test has its own procedure as describ
39、ed inSections 11-16. The following steps in preparing the testspecimens apply to all tests with lumber:9.1.1 Mark each board, nominal 1 by 5 in. by 4 ft (as by 127mm by 1.2 m) to identify adequately the species source andindividual sample.9.1.2 Cut a 0.5-in. (13-mm) cross section from one end ofeach
40、 nominal 1 by 5 in. by 4 ft board for specific gravitydeterminations and for counting the number of annual rings perinch (average ring width in millimetres) (Note 4).9.1.3 Condition the boards to a 6 % equilibrium moisturecontent (EMC), or to such other EMC as may be specified.NOTE 9Conditioning cha
41、mbers are usually necessary for obtainingconstant EMC conditions. The local drying practice may be followed,keeping in mind that the data will apply only to these specific conditions.In any event, the material should be conditioned to a uniform moisturecontent, and the actual moisture content determ
42、ined and recorded.9.1.4 Joint one edge and one side of the boards flat andplane the other side to provide a final board thickness of 0.75in. (19 mm).9.1.5 Saw the boards into the specified smaller sizes for thedifferent tests as shown in Fig. 1. Each of the test specimensshall bear the same number a
43、s the board from which it was cut;take care to place the number where it will not be lost in themachining process.NOTE 10The specimen for shaping, boring, and mortising (Fig. 1)must be accurately cut to size to ensure proper fit in the test jig. Theturning specimens also must be accurate since they
44、have to fit special lathecenters. The size of the planing specimen is less critical and, if necessary,it may be 1 in. (25 mm) or so short of the specified 3 ft (910 mm) withoutserious objection.10. Preparation of Specimens from Particleboard andHardboard10.1 Each different test has its own procedure
45、 as describedin Sections 18-23. The following steps in preparing the testspecimens apply to all tests with particleboard and hardboard:10.1.1 Mark each 2 by 4-ft (610 by 1210-mm) board toidentify the source and the individual sample.10.1.2 Condition the boards to the standard 6 % EMC (see9.1.3) or t
46、o such other moisture condition as may be specified.10.1.3 Saw each of the original particleboard, and hard-board samples into smaller sizes for the different tests as shownin Fig. 2.10.1.4 Each of the test specimens shall bear the samenumber as the board from which it was cut.METHODS OF TESTING LUM
47、BER11. Planing11.1 A moulder (Fig. 3) is the preferable machine for theplaning test because of its relatively wide range of feeds andspeeds and because of the ease of changing heads. In theabsence of a moulder, a planer or planer-matcher may be used.In any case use only straight knives, and plane on
48、ly one side ofthe test specimen at a time.11.2 Steel knives shall be freshly ground at the outset andjointed to a point where each knife shows a hairline land for theentire length of the blade. When the land or jointed portion ofthe edge becomes as much as132 in. (0.80 mm) wide, as aresult of repeat
49、ed jointings, the knives shall be reground beforecontinuing with the test.11.3 All specimens used in this test (50 per species) shall be0.75 by 4 in. by 3 ft (19 by 102 by 910 mm).11.4 The moisture content shall be 6 % or such other valueas may be specified.11.5 All cuts shall be116 in. (1.6 mm) deep. A test specimen0.75 in. (19 mm) thick will permit making seven cuts beforethe specimen becomes thin enough to introduce a new variable.11.6 When several species are being tested, mix them wellto equalize the effect of the gradual dulling of the knives.METRIC EQUIVALENTSin.cm
