1、Designation: D1711 11aD1711 13 An American National StandardStandard Terminology Relating toElectrical Insulation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1711; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis terminology is used in connection with testing and specifying solid electrical insulatingmaterials. Modificatio
3、ns to this terminology, reflecting common usage, may appear in particular testmethods, material specifications, practices, or other standards. Included herein are terms pertinent togeneral applications, electrical insulating papers, mica, mica processing, processed mica forms,hookup wire insulation,
4、 and partial discharge (corona).1. Scope*1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of technical terms associated with testing and specifying solid electrical andelectronic insulating materials.1.2 This terminology standard shall contain all definitions that are balloted specifically through Sub
5、committee D09.94 andthrough D09 main committee and that are of general interest to standards associated with electrical and electronic insulatingmaterials. Those definitions shall be of importance to electrical and electronic insulating materials issues but need not be directlyassociated with a spec
6、ific standard under the jurisdiction of Committee D09 on Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials.1.3 It is intended that all definitions in this terminology standard originating in a specific standard under the jurisdiction ofCommittee D09 be identical to definitions of the same terms as prin
7、ted in standards of originating technical subcommittees, withthe exceptions of: (1) deletion of any part of the Discussion included in another standard that refers specifically to the use of a termin that standard; (2) figure numbers and corresponding references; and (3) in this terminology standard
8、, a parenthetical additionof a reference to one or more technical standards in which the term is used and the year in which the term was added to thiscompilation.1.3.1 Definitions contained in this terminology standard which did not originate in a specific standard under the jurisdiction ofCommittee
9、 D09, or which originated in a standard that has since been revised or withdrawn, and that have been appropriatelyballoted, shall also be included in this terminology standard.1.4 It is permissible to include symbols as part of the representation of terms, where appropriate.1.5 It is not intended th
10、at this terminology standard include symbols (except as noted in 1.4). It is also permissible to includeacronyms and abbreviations referring directly to defined terms.1.6 Revisions and additions to those definitions in this terminology standard which originate in a specific standard under thejurisdi
11、ction of Committee D09 are to be made as a product of a collaborative effort between Subcommittee D09.94 and thecorresponding technical subcommittee of Committee D09, with Subcommittee D09.94 providing editorial advice to the technicalsubcommittees.1.7 Each definition in this terminology standard sh
12、all be accompanied by the year in which it was first incorporated into thestandard, placed at the end in parentheses. All discussions shall also carry a date; it is possible that the discussion date is differentfrom the definition date.1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D
13、09 on Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD09.94 on Editorial.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011Nov. 1, 2013. Published August 2011November 2013. Originally approved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 2011 asD1711 11.D1711 11a. DO
14、I: 10.1520/D1711-11a.10.1520/D1711-13.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM r
15、ecommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
16、 C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials atCommercial Power FrequenciesD150 Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Permitt
17、ivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical InsulationD470 Test Methods for Crosslinked Insulations and Jackets for Wire and CableD3426 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials UsingImpulse WavesD3636 Practice for Sampling and
18、Judging Quality of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials2.2 Other Standards:ANSI/ASQC A2-198733. Terminologyacceptable quality level (AQL), nthe maximum percent nonconforming which, for purposes of sampling inspection, isconsidered satisfactory as a process average. (2011) D3636acceptance number, nt
19、he maximum allowable number of nonconformities for a given AQL and sample size (lot-samplesize). (2011) D3636aging (act of), nexposure of material to air or oil at a temperature and time as specified in the relevant material specificationfor that material. (2013) D470air chain, nin mica, a series of
20、 air inclusions in the form of a chain or streak. (2011)arc propagation, nthe movement of an electric arc from its point of inception to another location. (1996) D3032arc tracking, nthe process producing tracks when arcs occur on or close to the insulation surface. (2011)Arrhenius plot, na graph of
21、the logarithm of thermal life as a function of the reciprocal of absolute temperature. (2011)DISCUSSIONThis is normally depicted as the best straight line fit, determined by least squares, of end points obtained at aging temperatures. It is important thatthe slope, which is the activation energy of
22、the degradation reaction, be approximately constant within the selected temperature range to ensure a validextrapolation. (2011) D2304ash content of paper, nthe solid residue remaining after combustion of the paper under specified conditions, expressed as apercentage of the dry mass of the original
23、paper. (1996) D202average discharge (corona) current (It),nthe sum of the absolute magnitudes of the individual discharges during a certain timeinterval divided by that time interval. (2011)DISCUSSIONWhen the discharges are measured in coulombs and the time interval in seconds, the calculated curren
24、t will be in amperes. (2011)It 5(t0t1Q11Q21222222Qnt12t0 (1)where:It = average current, A,t0 = starting time, s,t1 = completion time, s, andQ1, Q2, Qn = partial discharge quantity in a corona pulse 1 through n, C.D1868binder tapesee core wrap (binder tape).2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theAS
25、TM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 1
26、0036, http:/www.ansi.org.D1711 132bond strength, na measure of the force required to separate surfaces which have been bonded together. (1996)D2519, D3145, D4882braid, n(1) woven metallic wire used as a shield for insulated conductors and cables.(2) A woven fibrous protective outer covering over an
27、insulated conductor or cable. (2011)breakdown voltagesee dielectric breakdown voltage.bursting strength of paper, nthe hydrostatic pressure required to produce rupture of a circular area of the material underspecified test conditions. (1996) D202cable wrap, npaper used for mechanical protection or f
28、or space-filling (rather than as electrical insulation) in low-voltage cableswith nonmetallic sheaths. (2011)capacitance, C,nthat property of a system of conductors and dielectrics which permits the storage of electrically separatedcharges when potential differences exist between the conductors. (20
29、11)DISCUSSIONCapacitance is the ratio of a quantity, q, of electricity to a potential difference, V. A capacitance value is always positive. The units are farads whenthe charge is expressed in coulombs and the potential in volts (2011):C 5q/V (2)D150capacitor tissue, nvery thin (5 to 50 m) pure, non
30、porous paper used as the dielectric in capacitors, usually in conjunction withan insulating liquid. (2011)coating powder, na heat-fusible, finely-divided solid resinous material used to form electrical insulating coatings. (1996) D2967,D3214concentricity, nthe ratio, expressed in percent, of the min
31、imum wall thickness to the maximum wall thickness. (2011) D2671concentric-lay conductor, na conductor composed of a central core surrounded by one or more layers of helically laidstrands. (2011)DISCUSSIONIn the most common type of concentric-lay conductor, all strands are of the same size and the ce
32、ntral core is a single strand. (2011)conductance, insulation, nthe ratio of the total volume and surface current between two electrodes (on or in a specimen) to thedc voltage applied to the two electrodes. (2011)DISCUSSIONInsulation conductance is the reciprocal of insulation resistance. (2011) D257
33、conductance, surface, nthe ratio of the current between two electrodes (on the surface of a specimen) to the dc voltage appliedto the electrodes. (2011)DISCUSSION(Some volume conductance is unavoidably included in the actual measurement.) Surface conductance is the reciprocal of surface resistance.
34、(2011)D257conductance, volume, nthe ratio of the current in the volume of a specimen between two electrodes (on or in the specimen) tothe dc voltage applied to the two electrodes. (2011)DISCUSSIONVolume conductance is the reciprocal of volume resistance. (2011) D257conducting material (conductor), n
35、a material within which an electric current is produced by application of a voltage betweenpoints on, or within, the material. (2011)D1711 133DISCUSSIONThe term “conducting material” is usually applied only to those materials in which a relatively small potential difference results in a relatively l
36、argecurrent since all materials appear to permit some conduction current. Metals and strong electrolytes are examples of conducting materials. (2011)D4470conductivity, surface, nthe surface conductance multiplied by that ratio of specimen surface dimensions (distance betweenelectrodes divided by the
37、 width of electrodes defining the current path) which transforms the measured conductance to thatobtained if the electrodes had formed the opposite sides of a square. (2011)DISCUSSIONSurface conductivity is expressed in siemens. It is popularly expressed as siemens/square (the size of the square is
38、immaterial). Surface conductivityis the reciprocal of surface resistivity. (2011) D257conductivity, volume, nthe volume conductance multiplied by that ratio of specimen volume dimensions (distance betweenelectrodes divided by the cross-sectional area of the electrodes) which transforms the measured
39、conductance to that conductanceobtained if the electrodes had formed the opposite sides of a unit cube. (2011)DISCUSSIONVolume conductivity is usually expressed in siemens/centimetre or in siemens/metre and is the reciprocal of volume resistivity. (2011) D257conductor, na wire, or combination of wir
40、es not insulated from each other, suitable for carrying electric current. (1996) D1676continuous partial discharges (continuous corona), ndischarges that recur at rather regular intervals; for example onapproximately every cycle of an alternating voltage or at least once per minute for an applied di
41、rect voltage. (2011) D1868core wrap (binder tape), npaper used to wrap groups of insulated wire into cable configuration prior to sheathing. (2011)DISCUSSIONUsually, this term is applied to telephone communication cables in which core wrap is not regularly subjected to voltage stress, but may be exp
42、osedto surges from lightning strokes or other accidental events. (2011)corona, nvisible partial discharges in gases adjacent to a conductor. (2011)DISCUSSIONThis term has also been used to refer to partial discharges in general. (2011) D1868critical property, na quantitatively measurable characteris
43、tic which is absolutely necessary to be met if a material or productis to provide satisfactory performance for the intended use. (2011)DISCUSSIONIn some situations, specification requirements coincide with customer usage requirements. In other situations, they may not coincide, being either moreor l
44、ess stringent. More stringent sampling (for example, smaller AQL values) is usually used for measurement of characteristics which are consideredcritical. The selection of sampling plans is independent of whether the term defect or nonconformity is appropriate. (2011) D3636cross grains or reeves, nin
45、 mica, tangled laminations causing imperfect cleavage. (2011)crude micamica as mined; crude crystals with dirt and rock adhering. (2011)crystallographic discoloration, nin mica, discoloration appearing as bands of lighter or darker shades of basic color of a blockof mica. (1996)DISCUSSIONSuch bands
46、are generally parallel to the crystallographic faces of the crystal from which the block was separated. (2011)defect, na departure of a quality characteristic from its intended level, or state, that occurs with a severity sufficient to cause anassociated product or service not to satisfy intended no
47、rmal, or reasonably foreseeable, usage requirements. (2011)D1711 134DISCUSSIONThe terms “defect” and “nonconformity” and their derivatives are used somewhat interchangeably in the historical and current literature.Nonconformity objectively describes the comparison of test results to specification re
48、quirements, while the term defect has a connotation of predictingthe failure of a product or service to perform its intended function in use. Since this latter connotation is often unintended, the term nonconformityis preferred in full consensus standards. The selection of any sample plan is indepen
49、dent of whether the term defect or nonconformity is appropriate.The term defect may be appropriate for specifications mutually agreed upon by a producer and a user where specific use conditions are clearlyunderstood. Even in these cases however, use the term defect with caution and consider substituting the term nonconformity.For additional comments, see ANSI/ASQC A2-1987 that also states: “When a quality characteristic of a product or service is “evaluated” in termsof conformance to specification requirements, the use of t
