1、Designation: D 187 94 (Reapproved 2003)e1An American National StandardStandard Test Method forBurning Quality of Kerosine1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 187; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.e1NOTEWarning notes were editorially m
3、oved into text in November 2003.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the qualitative determination ofthe burning properties of kerosine to be used for illuminatingpurposes. (WarningCombustible. Vapor harmful.)NOTE 1The corresponding Institute of Petroleum (IP) test method isIP 10 which features a qua
4、ntitative evaluation of the wick-char-formingtendencies of the kerosine, whereas Test Method D 187 features aqualitative performance evaluation of the kerosine. Both test methodssubject the kerosine to somewhat more severe operating conditions thanwould be experienced in typical designated applicati
5、ons.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific w
6、arningstatements appear throughout the test method.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 91 Test Method for Precipitation Number of LubricatingOilsD 3699 Specification for KerosineD 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of P
7、etroleum andPetroleum Products2.2 Other Document:Formulas for Denatured Alcohol and Rum, Treasury Dept.,U. S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, Publi-cation No. 36833. Summary of Test Method3.1 The kerosine sample is burned for 16 h in a specifiedlamp under specified conditions. The average
8、rate of burning,the change in the shape of the flame, and the density and colorof the chimney deposit are reported.4. Significance and Use4.1 Since the information provided by this test method islargely qualitative in nature, specific limits covering thefollowing characteristics are required in refe
9、rring to this testmethod in specifications for kerosine:4.1.1 Duration of the test: 16 h is understood, if nototherwise specified;4.1.2 Permissible change in flame shape and dimensionsduring the test;4.1.3 Description of the acceptable appearance of the chim-ney deposit.5. Apparatus5.1 Lamp Assembly
10、,4conforming essentially to the shapeand dimensions shown in Fig. 1. It is essential to ensure that theburner fits vertically into the oil reservoir and that the wick-guide has parallel sides and is centrally disposed in relation tothe slot in the dome of the burner. Any distortion of thewick-guide
11、or dome will hinder attainment of the prescribedflame shape and render subsequent qualitative ratings unreli-able.5.2 Wick,419-mm paraffin flat, super quality, containingapproximately 43 ends of three-ply yarn, woven double plainweave with stitching ends, one blue stripe on one face and onegreen str
12、ipe on the reverse face, woven with approximately 16picks per 10 mm, and weighing normally 15 g/m. Afterweaving, the wick shall be boiled in distilled water and driedthoroughly.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct res
13、ponsibility of SubcommitteeD02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuel Oils.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2003. Published November 2003. Originallyapproved in 1948. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 18794 (1999).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM webs
14、ite, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: S
15、DE, Washington, DC 20401.4The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Stanhope-Seta Limited, Park Close, Englefield Green, Egham, Surrey, EnglandTW20 OXD. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide thisinformation to ASTM International Headquarters
16、. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1whichyou may attend.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.2.1 The wick shall then be made into rolls and left forseven
17、 days before it is cut into 200-mm lengths. The lengthsshall then be packed into suitable containers. The ash of thewick shall not exceed 0.4 weight %.5.3 Sight Gage4A suitable flame-size measuring device,accurate to 1 mm. The sight gage shown in Fig. 2 issatisfactory.6. Reagents and Materials6.1 Fo
18、rmula 3A Denatured EthanolSee Formulas forDenatured Alcohol and Rum.6.2 Hydrochloric Acid, Dilute (approximately 6 N).6.3 KerosineSee Specification D 3699.6.4 Precipitation NaphthaSee Reagent section in TestMethod D 91.7. Hazards7.1 Specific Safety Hazards:7.1.1 Formula 3A Denatured Ethanol(WarningF
19、lammable. Denaturedcannot be made nontoxic.)7.1.2 Hydrochloric AcidDilute 6 N.(WarningCausesburns. Vapor harmful.)7.1.3 Kerosine(WarningCombustible. Vapor harmful.)7.1.4 Precipitation Naphtha(WarningExtremely flam-mable. Harmful if inhaled. Vapors may cause flash fire.)7.2 Technical Precautions:7.2.
20、1 Test RoomIt is desirable to dedicate a suitable roomfor the exclusive conduct of kerosine burning tests. However,kerosine burning tests can be conducted in any part of a roomthat is adequately ventilated and reasonably free of drafts.When necessary, the test lamp should be surrounded with asuitabl
21、e circular shield to protect from drafts. The circularshield is to be constructed of draft-proof material of about 600mm diameter and height.7.2.2 Lamp LocationPlace the test lamps at least 300 mmapart and 300 mm from any wall or other obstruction.7.2.3 Test TemperatureMaintain test room temperature
22、above 15C and allow the temperature of the kerosine toapproach equilibrium room temperature within at least 5C.8. Sampling8.1 The fundamental objective of sampling is to obtain asample for testing purposes that is truly representative of theentire quantity of a given bulk product tank, batch, shipme
23、nt,and so forth, at the time and place of sampling.8.2 Thus, the sampling procedures employed are to ensureinitial procurement of a representative sample and also pre-clude subsequent contamination or deterioration of the sampleduring handling prior to testing. To this end, kerosine samplesfor burni
24、ng quality testing are to be obtained and handled instrict accordance with Practices D 4057 and D 4177. Rigorouscompliance with stipulated provisions for precautions, care,and cleanliness during sample handling is an essential require-ment.NOTEAll dimensions shown are in millimetres. Except where ot
25、her-wise indicated, the tolerance for chimney dimensions is 61 mm.FIG. 1 Test LampFIG. 2 Sight GageD 187 94 (2003)e129. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Drain the lamp reservoir completely of any previouskerosine sample (WarningCombustible. Vapor harmful),and rinse successively several times with a small
26、 portion of thekerosine sample to be tested.9.2 Clean the lamp burner thoroughly with ASTM precipi-tation naphtha solvent (WarningExtremely flammable.Harmful if inhaled: vapors may cause flash fire), removingcompletely any deposits from the wick-guide, air holes, andducts.9.3 Soak the new chimneys f
27、or 24 h in dilute HCl(WarningCauses burns. Vapor harmful) (approximately6 N), clean with a test tube brush, rinse thoroughly withdistilled water, and dry completely. Then subject the preparednew chimneys to at least three preliminary 16-h burningperiods. Clean chimneys with detergent and hot water,
28、rinsethoroughly with distilled water, and completely dry betweeneach preliminary burning period. New chimneys are satisfac-tory for use only if the last of the preliminary burning periodsresults in deposits essentially similar to those obtained whenburning the same kerosine for 16 h with seasoned ch
29、imneys.Continue preliminary 16-h burning periods and cleanings untilseasoned chimney performance is achieved.9.4 Place several wicks into an insulated Soxhlet extractionapparatus in such a manner as to prevent distortion and extractwith boiling water (WarningAvoid skin contact with ex-posed hot surf
30、aces by use of protective equipment) for 3 h fromthe end of the first siphoning cycle. Remove the wicks from theSoxhlet extraction apparatus, lay flat between sheets of filterpaper, and press gently to remove excess moisture. Extract thewick with Formula 3A denatured ethanol (WarningFlammable. Denat
31、uredcannot be made nontoxic) for3hinan uninsulated Soxhlet extraction apparatus, drain the ethanolas completely as possible from the Soxhlet extractor andcontinue the extraction with ASTM precipitation naphtha(WarningExtremely flammable. Harmful if inhaled. Vaporsmay cause flash fire) for 1 h.10. Pr
32、ocedure10.1 Dry the wick in an oven (WarningAvoid skincontact with exposed hot surfaces by use of protective equip-ment) at 105C for 1 h. While still hot, soak the wick in thesample and insert the wick into the wick guide. Rinse thereservoir several times with the sample. Filter the samplethrough a
33、coarse-textured filter paper, to remove suspendedmatter and pour 900 mL into the reservoir and assemble thelamp.10.2 Hinge back the dome and chimney, and trim the wickcarefully with sharp scissors to produce a smooth and sym-metrical flame of the standard dimensions shown in Fig. 3.10.3 Trim the wic
34、k as follows: With sharp scissors cut thewick level with the wick guide, raise the wick, and cut atriangular portion from each corner as illustrated in Fig. 4.Round off very slightly the sharp corners produced. Removeany ragged projections by slight beveling of the top edges asillustrated in Fig. 5.
35、 Be careful not to compress or squeeze thewick with the fingers. Trimming should produce a smooth,symmetrical flame, free of peaks or ears. Check this by lightingthe lamp from time to time and inspecting the flame during thetrimming operation.10.4 After the wick is trimmed to yield a flame of standa
36、rdshape and dimensions, allow the lamp to burn for 0.5 h,extinguish; and trim again, removing any uneven points andcharred fiber. Relight the lamp and again check the shape anddimensions of the flame. Extinguish the flame, allow thechimney to cool, wash it with hot water, and dry with a cleanlint-fr
37、ee cloth.10.5 After the wick has been trimmed and the chimneywashed, allow the lamp to burn for 0.5 h and readjust the flameto the standard dimensions. At the end of this period weigh thelamp, while burning, to the nearest1gonaplatform balance.Weigh again after 1 h. If the rate of sample consumption
38、 differsfrom 22 6 4 g/h, check the flame dimensions and wickcondition for further trimming. Normally, the measurement ofsample consumption is needed only as a check on standardburning conditions, since with the specified flame size andshape, the initial rate of sample consumption will always bewithi
39、n these limits.NOTEAll dimensions shown are in millimetres.FIG. 3 Standard Dimensions for Shape and Size of FlameNOTEAll dimensions shown are in millimetres.FIG. 4 Wick Trimming. Front View of WickNOTEAll dimensions shown are in millimetres.FIG. 5 Wick Trimming. Side View of WickD 187 94 (2003)e1310
40、.6 Allow the sample to burn continuously without furtheradjustment of any kind for the duration of the test, which shallbe 16 h (or other specified period) of continuous burning afterthe first weighing. At the end of this period reweigh to thenearest 1 g and record any changes in height, width, or s
41、hapeof the flame to the nearest 1 mm.10.7 Examine the density and color of the chimney deposit.11. Report11.1 The report shall include the following:11.1.1 Average burning rate of the sample to the nearest1 g/h.11.1.2 Initial dimensions of the flame to the nearest 1 mm.11.1.3 Final dimensions of the
42、 flame to the nearest 1 mm.11.1.4 Density of the chimney deposit (none, light, medium,or heavy) and its color (none, white, yellow, or brown).12. Precision and Bias512.1 The precision of the test method as determined bystatistical examination of interlaboratory results is as follows:12.1.1 Repeatabi
43、lityThe difference between two test re-sults, obtained by the same operator with the same apparatusunder constant operating conditions on identical test material,would in the long run, in the normal and correct operation ofthe test method, exceed the following values only in one casein twenty:Measur
44、ement RepeatabilityFlame height, mm (36.2/X)3Flame width, mm (37.8/X)3Burning rate, g/h (26.5/X)3Chimney deposit colorChimney deposit densityany differenceany differencewhere:X= average of two test results.12.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two singleand independent results obtained by dif
45、ferent operators work-ing in different laboratories on identical test material would, inthe long run, in the normal and correct operation of the testmethod, exceed the following values only in one case intwenty:Measurement ReproducibilityFlame height, mm (42.7/X)3Flame width, mm (45.2/X)3Burning rat
46、e, g/h (36.2/X)3Chimney deposit colorChimney deposit densityone categoryone categorywhere:X= average of two test results.12.2 Biasa program to obtain additional data for precisionand bias is under discussion. When developed, the additionaldata will be included.13. Keywords13.1 burning quality; keros
47、ineASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights,
48、are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional stan
49、dardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this stand
