1、Designation: D1871 04 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Test Method forAdhesion Between Tire Bead Wire and Rubber1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1871; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method cover procedures for testing thestrength of adhesion of single-filament wire to vulcanizedrubber compounds.
3、 The method applies to, but is not limited to,wire made from brass, bronze, or zinc coated steel wire. Theadhesion strength is expressed as the magnitude of the pull-outforce for the single filament of wire.1.2 This test method is applicable to single-filament wiresused in reinforced rubber products
4、 as single filaments and isnormally used to evaluate the adhesion of samples of wire to astandard rubber applied under specified conditions. It is pri-marily used to evaluate tire bead wire and may be applied, withmodifications and by agreement between supplier andcustomer, to various wire types use
5、d in rubber product rein-forcing.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user o
6、f this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 6.5.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1566 Te
7、rminology Relating to RubberD2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias forTextiles (Withdrawn 2008)3D3182 Practice for RubberMaterials, Equipment, and Pro-cedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and PreparingStandard Vulcanized SheetsD4392 Terminology for Statistically Related Terms (With-dra
8、wn 1993)3D6477 Terminology Relating to Tire Cord, Bead Wire, HoseReinforcing Wire, and FabricsE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms relating to tire cord, bead wire,hose wire, and tire cord fabrics, refer to Terminology D64773
9、.1.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:adhesion, curing, holland cloth, hose reinforcing wire, millgrain, rubber, rubber compound, as used in the manufacture ofrubber articles, tire bead, tire bead wire, and vulcanization.3.1.2 For definitions of terms relating to rubber, refer toT
10、erminology D15663.1.3 For definitions of terms relating to testing and statis-tical concepts, refer to Terminology D4392 orE456D4392E456.3.1.4 For definitions of other terms related to textiles, referto Terminology D123.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 The wires are vulcanized into a block or pad of ru
11、bberand the force necessary to pull the wires out of the rubber ismeasured. The direction of pull-out is axial, that is, along thewire.5. Significance and Use5.1 To contribute to the mechanical properties required in aproduct, tire bead wire must have good adhesion to the rubbermatrix. This allows t
12、he rubber to absorb part of the energy,distributing it uniformly between the reinforcing material andthe rubber compound. This test method is considered satisfac-tory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wiresince it has been used extensively in the trade for this purpose.This test meth
13、od may be used for purchase specificationrequirements or manufacturing control of bead wire.5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is1Thistest method is under t
14、he jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on Industrial Fibers andMetallic Reinforcements.Current edition approved May 15, 2014. Published June 2014. Originallyap-proved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2010 D1871 04(2010). DO
15、I:10.1520/D1871-04R14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this hist
16、orical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1a statistical bias between them, using competent statisticalassistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that areas homogeneous as p
17、ossible, that are drawn from the materialfrom which the disparate test results were obtained, and thatare randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory fortesting. Other materials with established test values may beused for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratoriesshould be co
18、mpared using a statistical test for unpaired data, ata probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias isfound, either its cause must be found and corrected, or futuretest results for that material must be adjusted in considerationof the known bias.5.2 The characteristics of single f
19、ilament steel wires thataffect the adhesion property are wire diameter, coatingcomposition, and coating mass. The storage conditions, age,and vulcanization conditions of the rubber compound willaffect the test results and must be specified by the supplier ofthe rubber compound.6. Apparatus and Mater
20、ials6.1 Mold,4designed as shown in Fig. 1 for a 12.5-mm thickblock of rubber, 200 mm long, and 50 mm wide, with 15beveled slots across the width of the mold spaced 12.5 mmapart at the middle of the mold thickness, and with top andbottom plates for the mold. If more than five wires break whentesting
21、with the standard mold, the purchaser and the suppliermay agree to use a mold cavity that is less than 50 mm wide.6.2 Tensile Testing Machine, CRE (Constant-Rate-of-Extension) type, of such capacity of the load cell in use that themaximum force required to pull out the wires shall not exceed85 % nor
22、 be less than 15 % of the rated capacity. The rate oftravel of the power actuated grip shall be 50 6 5 mm/min, orup to 1506 15 mm/min by agreement between the purchaserand the seller. The specifications and methods of calibrationand verification shall conform to Specification D76.6.3 Top Grip,4desig
23、ned as shown in Fig. 2 shall be a specialholder made for the vulcanized block sample. The bottom gripmay be any type clamp of sufficient capacity to handle thespecimen and designed to prevent its slippage in the grip5or toprevent premature filament breakage.6.4 Vulcanizing Press, large enough to acc
24、ommodate themold, and capable of exerting at least 70 kN total force on themold.6Electrical or steam heat for the top and bottom platensshall be provided, of sufficient capacity for maintaining themold components at a temperature within 3C of the require-ments for the rubber compound being used.4Sui
25、table molds and block holder are available from Bartell Machinery SystemsCorp, Rome, NY 13440.5Series 2710 screw action grips, Series 2716 wedge action grips from InstronCorp., 2500 Washington St., Canton, MA 02021, and Scott A420 clamps fromGCA/Precision Scientific, 3737 W. Cortland St., Chicago, I
26、L 60647, have beenfound practical for testing single filament wire.6Suitable vulcanizing presses are manufactured by Given P-H-I, PasadenaPresses, 1100 John Reed Court, City of Industry, CA 91745.TOLERANCESAll dimensions 60.2Angular612 Except where notedNOTE 1MaterialSteel.NOTE 2Break all sharp corn
27、ers.NOTE 3All dimensions in millimetres except where noted.FIG. 1 Mold with Top and Bottom PlatesD1871 04 (2014)26.5 Solvent, used for the preparation of the rubber and wirein this test method shall be such that the surface of the rubberwill be freshened and the wire surface cleaned without ad-verse
28、ly affecting the adhesion. If remilled or freshly milledcompound is used, the use of a solvent can be left to mutualagreement between the user and the supplier of the compound.6.5.1 A suitable solvent has been found to be lead-freegasoline (normal heptane) with a distillation range from 40 to141C an
29、d a maximum recovery of 97 %, available from mostsolvent suppliers. PrecautionAdequate health and safetyprecautions should be observed in the handling and use of anysolvent selected for use in this test method.6.6 Rubber Compound, shall be furnished by the purchaserof the wire, together with pertine
30、nt information on the tem-perature and time for the cure of that particular rubber as wellas aging time limits for holding the block between vulcanizingand testing, but not less than 16 h. Since the adhesion betweenrubber and wire is influenced by the age and storage conditionsof the uncured rubber
31、compounds, the purchaser of the wireshall also specify the conditions of storage and any time limitfor such storage of the batch. The rubber compound may beprovided in sheet form, 7 mm thick on a non-hygroscopicbacking, such as a plasticizer free plastic material, or may beprovided unmilled in a for
32、m requiring milling immediatelyprior to use.6.7 Mold Release Lubricant, A suitable mold release lubri-cant may be applied to the empty mold to facilitate test blockremoval. Excess lubricant shallbe wiped from the mold andparticularly from the slots provided for the wires. The lubricantshall not be a
33、pplied when exposed wires are in the area, andshould only be used when absolutely necessary. Use of moldrelease lubricant should be recorded on the test report.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing, takeat random the number of reels, coils, spools, or other shippingunits of
34、 wire directed in an applicable material specification orother agreement between purchaser and the supplier. Considerreels, coils, spools, or other shipping units of wire to be theprimary sampling units.NOTE 1A realistic specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and the supplier requires
35、 taking into account the variabilitybetween and within primary sampling units so as to provide a samplingplan which at the specified level of the property of interest has ameaningful producers risk, acceptable quality level, and desired limitingquality level.7.2 Laboratory SampleUse the primary samp
36、ling units inthe lot sample as a laboratory sample. These samples of reels,coils, spools, or other shipping units of wire are customarilytaken by the manufacturer and provided to the purchaser withthe lot shipment.7.3 Test SpecimensPrepare three specimens from eachlaboratory sample by cutting 250 to
37、 300-mm lengths of thewire and laying them out on a clean surface such as cloth orpaper. The wires should be touched only at their ends, in nocase on that portion that is to be embedded in the test pad.Unless otherwise specified, the wires shall be tested “as is,”representing the condition in which
38、the wire lot and sampleswere received. If “washing” the surface of the wire before testis specified, gently wipe the wire with a soft cloth dampenedwith the solvent.8. Procedure8.1 Rubber CompoundCut the rubber sheet to the size ofthe mold cavity, unless it has been precut to that size forstorage; t
39、wo pieces are required for each block. Lay these outand freshen their top surfaces with the solvent, applied with asoft cloth or brush. Plan the freshening for a drying time to beat least 10 but not over 20 min before the building step of theprocedure. If the compound has been milled immediately pri
40、orto use, freshening is not required.8.2 Block BuildingPreheat the mold, including top andbottom plates, to the cure temperature of the rubber to be used.8.2.1 Remove the mold from the preheating and take off thetop plate.8.2.2 With its freshened side up, press the bottom piece ofrubber into the mol
41、d with a metal or wooden peg.8.2.3 Lay the wires, one by one, into the tapered slots,making note of their identification, for example, the samplereel number, for later matching of the test results. Position thewires with about 25 mm sticking out from one side of the moldand about 150 mm from the oth
42、er. Do not let the fingers touchthe wires within the 50 mm length that will be in contact withrubber.NOTE 2Slots 1 and 15 should be filled with dummy lengths of wirewhich will be subsequently pulled, but their test values should not berecorded nor included in the calculations.8.2.4 Place the top pie
43、ce of rubber in the mold with itsfreshened side down and press it firmly in place with a metalor wooden peg.8.2.5 Replace the top plate, put the mold in the press, andapply a force of at least 70 kN to the mold. This force whenapplied to the mold in Fig. 1 is equal to a pressure of 3.5 mPa.Excessive
44、 force is not necessary and may damage the mold.TOLERANCESAll dimensions 60.2Except where notedNOTE 1MaterialSteel.NOTE 2Break all sharp corners.NOTE 3All dimensions in millimetres except where noted.FIG. 2 Top GripD1871 04 (2014)3Vulcanize the block under pressure for the time and tempera-ture cond
45、itions of the rubber compound being used.8.2.6 It is important that the time from removal of the moldfrom the heat and replacing it in the press not exceed 3 min.This time limit also applies during the building of blockssubsequent to the first one, where the mold is already hot andwhen a cured block
46、 must be removed from the mold before itcan be filled.8.2.7 It is an acceptable practice to prebuild the test pad ina cold mold following the above block building procedures(see 8.2.2 8.2.4), and apply sufficient pressure to hold theassembled pad together. This pressure may be applied bystitching la
47、yers together or applying pressure in a cold press.The prebuilt pad is then placed in a preheated mold forvulcanization. Maximum storage time of a prebuilt pad beforevulcanization is 90 min.8.3 Preparation of Vulcanized BlockRemove the moldfrom the press and push out the vulcanized block. If there a
48、reother blocks to prepare, proceed with the building operations asoutlined in 8.2. Let the cured blocks condition at roomtemperature, 23 6 2C, for the required time limits specifiedby the rubber supplier, but not less than 16 h. Cut off the25-mm lengths of protruding wire close to the edge of theblo
49、ck. Extraneous flash adjacent to the sample wires should becut off using a razor-blade or surgical knife, taking care not todamage the wire. Trim off the extraneous flash from both edgesof the block.8.4 TestingPush the block into the top grip of the testingmachine until the first wire is in the center of the 12.5-mm hole.Note that for ease of wire centering the grips may be reversedfrom the description contained in this section. Make sure theload-reading attachment of the tester is zero. Then clamp thefirst wire in the bottom grip and start the machine.
