1、Designation: D202 08D202 17Standard Test Methods forSampling and Testing Untreated Paper Used for ElectricalInsulation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D202; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover
3、procedures for sampling and testing untreated paper to be used as an electrical insulator or as aconstituent of a composite material used for electrical insulating purposes.1.1.1 Untreated papers are thin, fibrous sheets normally laid down from a water suspension of pulped fibers (usually cellulosic
4、),which may containcellulosic) with or without various amounts of nonfibrous ingredients, and which are calendared, if required,to obtain desired thickness and density. Nevertheless, these test methods are applicable, generally although not invariably, to papersformed by other means, to papers modif
5、ied (during or after formation) by additions, and to papers given subsequent mechanicaltreatments such as creping.1.1.2 As an electrical insulating and dielectric material, paper is considered “untreated” until it is subjected to a manufacturingprocess such as drying, impregnation, or varnish treatm
6、ent.1.1.3 The test methods given herein were developed specifically for papers having a thickness of 0.75 mm 0.75 mm (0.030 in.)or less. A number of these test methods are also suitable for use on other materials such as pulps or boards. Refer to Test MethodsD3376 or Methods D3394 to determine which
7、 tests are applicable to pulps or electrical insulating boards. In the paper industry,some products in thicknesses of less than 0.75 mm 0.75 mm are termed “paperboard”. Such products are included within the scopeof these methods.1.1.4 These test methods are applicable to flexible fibrous-mat materia
8、ls formed from suspensions of fiber in fluids other thanwater. These mats may have thicknesses approaching 2 mm, and may contain fibers that are Thicknesses of these mats approach2 mm, and the fibers contained are possibly natural, synthetic, organic, or inorganic; fillers that are natural, syntheti
9、c, organic, orinorganic; and flexible polymeric binder materials.1.2 The procedures appear in the following sections:Procedure SectionsASTM or TAPPIReference(Modified)Absorption (Rise of Water) 78 to 83 .Acidity-Alkalinity-pH 45 to 54 E70Air Resistance 98 to 101 D726Aqueous Extract Conductivity 55 t
10、o 64 .Ash Content 40 to 44 D586Bursting Strength 102 to 107 D774/D774MChlorides (Water-Extractable) 165 to 183 .Conditioning 15 D6054Conducting Paths 138 to 151 .Density, Apparent 29 to 33 .Dielectric Strength 152 to 157 D149Dimensions of Sheet, Rolls andCores16 to 24 D374Dissipation Factor and Perm
11、ittivity 158 to 164 D150Edge-Tearing Resistance 126 to 130 D827Fiber Analysis 74 to 77 D1030Folding Endurance 108 to 110 T 423 and D2176Grammage 25 to 28 D646Permittivity 158 to 164 D1501 These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D09 on Electrical and Electronic Insulating Mater
12、ials and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD09.01 on Electrical Insulating Products.Current edition approved May 1, 2008Feb. 1, 2017. Published June 2008February 2017. Originally approved in 1924. Last previous edition approved in 20022008 asD202 97 (2002)D202 08.1. DOI: 10.1520/D0202-08.
13、10.1520/D0202-17.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users
14、consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohoc
15、ken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Heat Stability in Air 131 to 137 D827Impregnation Time 84 to 91 .Internal-Tearing Resistance 121 to 125 D689 or T414Moisture Content 34 to 39 D644 and D3277Particulate Copper 193 to 202 .Particulate Iron 184 to 192 .Reagents 4 D1193Reports 14 E29Sampling 6 to 13 D36
16、36Silver Tarnishing by Paper andPaperboard203 to 206 T 444Solvent-Soluble Matter 65 to 73 .Surface Friction 92 to 97 D528 and T455Tensile Properties 111 to 120 D76, E4Thickness (see Dimensions) 16 to 24 D374Procedure SectionsASTM or TAPPIReference(Modified)Absorption (Rise of Water) 78 to 83 . . .Ac
17、idity-Alkalinity-pH 45 to 54 E70Air Resistance 98 to 101 D726Aqueous Extract Conductivity 55 to 64 . . .Ash Content 40 to 44 D586Bursting Strength 102 to 107 D774/D774MChlorides (Water-Extractable) 165 to 183 . . .Conditioning 15 D6054Conducting Paths 138 to 151 . . .Density, Apparent 29 to 33 . . .
18、Dielectric Strength 152 to 157 D149Dimensions of Sheet, Rolls and Cores 16 to 24 D374Dissipation Factor and Permittivity 158 to 164 D150Edge-Tearing Resistance 126 to 130 D827Fiber Analysis 74 to 77 D1030Folding Endurance 108 to 110 T 423 and D2176Grammage 25 to 28 D646Permittivity 158 to 164 D150He
19、at Stability in Air 131 to 137 D827Impregnation Time 84 to 91 . . .Internal-Tearing Resistance 121 to 125 D689 or T 414Moisture Content 34 to 39 D644 and D3277Particulate Copper 193 to 202 . . .Particulate Iron 184 to 192 . . .Reagents 4 D1193Reports 14 E29Sampling 6 to 13 D3636Silver Tarnishing by
20、Paper and Paperboard 203 to 206 T 444Solvent-Soluble Matter 65 to 73 . . .Surface Friction 92 to 97 D528 and T 455Tensile Properties 111 to 120 D76, E4Thickness (see Dimensions) 16 to 24 D3741.3 The tests for Holes and Felt Hair Inclusions and the Stain Test for Fine Pores, have been removed from th
21、is compilationof test methods. These test methods were specific to grades of capacitor paper formerly covered by Specification D1930, whichhas been withdrawn.NOTE 1This compilation of test methods is closely related to IEC Publication 60554-2. Not all of the individual methods included herein are in
22、cludedin IEC 60554-2, nor are all of the methods in IEC 60554-2 included in this standard. The individual procedures as described in the two standards arein general sufficiently close to each other that it is reasonable to expect that test results obtained by most of the procedures specified in eith
23、er standardwill not differ significantly. However, before assuming that a procedure in these test methods is exactly equivalent to an IEC 60554-2 procedure, thewritten procedures shouldmust be compared closely, and if it seems advisable, test results by the two procedures should be are compared.1.4
24、The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversionsto SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated wi
25、th its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. See 43.2.1, 71.1, 143.1, 148.1 and 156.1 for specific hazards.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76 Sp
26、ecification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.D202 172
27、D149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials atCommercial Power FrequenciesD150 Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical InsulationD374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid
28、 Electrical Insulation (Metric) D0374_D0374MD528 Test Method for Machine Direction of Paper and Paperboard (Withdrawn 2010)3D586 Test Method for Ash in Pulp, Paper, and Paper Products (Withdrawn 2009)3D644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper and Paperboard by Oven Drying (Withdrawn 2010)3D646
29、Test Method for Mass Per Unit Area of Paper and Paperboard of Aramid Papers (Basis Weight)D689 Test Method for Internal Tearing Resistance of Paper (Withdrawn 2009)3D726 Test Method for Resistance of Nonporous Paper to Passage of Air (Withdrawn 2009)3D774/D774M Test Method for Bursting Strength of P
30、aper (Withdrawn 2010)3D827 Method of Test for Edge Tearing Strength of Paper (Withdrawn 1980)3D1030 Test Method for Fiber Analysis of Paper and PaperboardD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD1389 Test Method for Proof-Voltage Testing of Thin Solid Electrical Insulating Materials (Withdrawn 2013)3D1
31、711 Terminology Relating to Electrical InsulationD2176 Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper and Plastics Film by the M.I.T. TesterD2413 Practice for Preparation of Insulating Paper and Board Impregnated with a Liquid DielectricD2865 Practice for Calibration of Standards and Equipment for Elect
32、rical Insulating Materials TestingD3277 Test Methods for Moisture Content of Oil-Impregnated Cellulosic Insulation (Withdrawn 2010)3D3376 Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Pulps to be Used in the Manufacture of Electrical InsulationD3394 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Electrical Insulating
33、 BoardD3636 Practice for Sampling and Judging Quality of Solid Electrical Insulating MaterialsD6054 Practice for Conditioning Electrical Insulating Materials for Testing (Withdrawn 2012)3E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
34、Determine Conformance with SpecificationsE70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With the Glass Electrode2.2 TAPPI Standards:4T 414 Internal Tearing Resistance of PaperT 423 Folding Endurance of Paper (Schopper Type Test)T 444 Silver Tarnishing by Paper and PaperboardT 455 Identification of Wire
35、 Side of PaperT 460 Air Resistance of Paper (Gurley Method)T 470 Edge Tearing Resistance of PaperT 536 Resistance of Paper to Passage of Air (High Pressure Gurley Method)2.3 IEC Standard:IEC 60554-2 Specification for cellulosic papers for electrical purposesPartCellulosic Papers for Electrical Purpo
36、sesPart 2:Methods of testTest53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions pertaining to sampling refer to Terminology D1711 or to Practice D3636.3.1.2 For definitions pertaining to dissipation factor and permittivity refer to Terminology D1711 or to Test Methods D150.3.2 Definitions of Terms
37、 Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 air resistance, of paper, na paper property which quantifies impediment to the transverse passage of air through thepaper under specific conditions of test, and reported as either time for a specified volume per area of test or volume for a specifiedtime per area of
38、test.3.2.1.1 DiscussionIt is expressed in terms of time (seconds) required for passage of a specified volume of air through a known area of paper, or, asthe volume of air passing through the paper in a given length of time.3.2.2 ash content of paper, nthe solid residue remaining after combustion of
39、the paper under specified conditions, expressedas a percentage of the dry mass of the original specimen.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI), 15 Technology Parkway South, No
40、rcross, GA 30092, http:/www.tappi.org.5 Available from Global Engineering Documents, 15 Inverness Way, East Englewood, CO 80112-5704, http:/.D202 1733.2.3 basis weight of papersee grammage of paper.3.2.4 bursting strength of paper, nthe hydrostatic pressure required to produce rupture of a circular
41、area of the material underspecified test procedures.3.2.5 coverage of paper, nthe reciprocal of grammage (or basis weight).3.2.6 elongation of paper, nthe maximum tensile strain developed in the test specimen before break in a tension test underprescribed conditions, calculated as the ratio of the i
42、ncrease in length of the test specimen to the original test span, and expressedas a percentage.3.2.6.1 DiscussionIt is calculated as the ratio of the increase in length of the test specimen to the original test span, and is expressed as a percentage.3.2.7 folding endurance of paper, nthe resistance
43、to fatigue resulting from repeated folding under specified conditions of test,expressed as the number of double folds required to rupture a specimen, or as the logarithm of that number.3.2.7.1 DiscussionThe level is expressed as the number of double folds required to rupture a specimen. Sometimes th
44、e level is expressed as thelogarithm of the number.3.2.8 grammage of paper, nthe mass per unit area of paper, expressed as grams per square metre.3.2.8.1 DiscussionGrammage is sometimes called weight or basis weight of paper. These terms are most frequently used when non-metric units areused, and th
45、e area is that of the paper in one of the several standard reams of papers defined within the paper industry.3.2.9 impregnation time of paper, nthe time in seconds required for a liquid of specified composition and viscosity to penetratecompletely from one face of a sheet of paper to the other under
46、 certain prescribed conditions.3.2.10 internal tearing resistance of paper, nthe force required to continue a previously-initiated tear across a specifieddistance in a single thickness of paper, expressed as the average force per sheet to tear one or more sheets together.3.2.10.1 DiscussionIt is ind
47、icated on the specified apparatus and reported as the average force per sheet to tear one or more sheets together across aspecified distance.3.2.11 kinetic surface friction of paper, n the ratio of the force parallel to the surfaces of two pieces of paper in contact witheach other to the force norma
48、l to the surfaces required to continue previously-initiated movement relative to each other at constantspeed.3.2.11.1 DiscussionOne possible test configuration uses a paper-covered block on a paper-covered inclined plane, in which case the result is expressedin degrees of angle of inclination of the
49、 plane which will cause the block to continue an initiated movement.3.2.12 loss on ignition of inorganic fiber paper, nthe volatile and combustible fraction of a paper, expressed as a percentageof the original dry mass lost upon ignition, using a specified procedure.3.2.12.1 DiscussionIt is expressed as a percentage of the original dry weight lost upon ignition, and is usually used instead of ash content when dealingwith papers which are principally composed of inorganic fibers.3.2.13 solvent-soluble material in paper, n the mass of
