1、Designation: D2097 03 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Test Method forFlex Testing of Finish on Upholstery Leather1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2097; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flex-ibility and adhesion of a finish on upholstery leather.2This testmet
3、hod does not apply to wet blue.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the
4、 user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1610 Practice for Conditioning Leather and Leather Prod-ucts for Testing3. Summary of Test Method3.1 The le
5、ather is mechanically flexed alternately from a flatposition into a single or double bend. At the end of apredetermined number of flexing cycles, the leather is visuallyinspected for finish cracks.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method simulates the flexing received byupholstery leather in serv
6、ice, and correlation with service isbelieved to be good. Both the resistance of the finish tocracking and adhesion of the finish to the leather can beevaluated.4.2 The flexing action received by the leather in this methodis more severe than that given by methods for shoe upperleather. The less sever
7、e tests have little utility in the evaluationof upholstery leather finishes.4.3 This test method is suitable, and has been useful, inresearch, development, and manufacturing control. It is used asa method of test for specification acceptance. Since this is asubjective test, proper correlation should
8、 be established byinterlaboratory experience prior to use for specification accep-tance.5. Apparatus5.1 Newark Flexing MachineThis machine,4illustrated inFig. 1, consists basically of two pistons, one of which isstationary, the other capable of moving at 500 rpm with astroke of 114 in. (32 mm). The
9、movable piston is alsoadjustable on its shaft in order to vary the distance between thetwo pistons.6. Test Specimen6.1 The test specimen shall be 3 by 412 in. (76 by 114 mm)in size.7. Conditioning7.1 Bring all test specimens to equilibrium as described inPractice D1610. Usually, maintaining the spec
10、imen for 24 hunder these conditions will adequately satisfy the equilibriumconditions.7.2 The test shall also be conducted under the aboveconditions, described in Practice D1610.8. Procedure8.1 Measure the thickness of the specimen to be tested.8.2 While in the closed position, adjust the pistons to
11、 fifteentimes the thickness of the specimen (see Fig. 2).8.3 Turn the pulley by hand until the pistons are themaximum distance apart. Clamp the specimen around the twopistons without stretching the specimen.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D31 on Leatherand is the direct
12、responsibility of Subcommittee D31.05 on Upholstery. This testmethod was developed in cooperation with the American Leather Chemists Assn.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2016. Published September 2016. Originallyapproved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D209703 (2010).DOI: 10.152
13、0/D2097-03R16.2Several methods of evaluating the resistance of an upholstery leather finish toflexing have been investigated. This method, as described here, has been adopted asstandard by the Upholstery Leather Group, Tanners Council of America.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website
14、, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4A machine meeting the requirements of this method is available commerciallyfrom the Aim Tool onlysingle cracks are
15、 permitted.9.1.2.4 Extreme cracks to russet or peeling of finish.10. Reproducibility10.1 For full grain and hand buff hides, the Chi Square Rankvalue and the probability obtained from a controlled experi-ment indicate that the results obtained by different laboratoriesshould not be significantly dif
16、ferent. Deep buff hides, however,may show significantly different results between laboratories,if great care is not taken to ensure interlaboratory agreement ondescribing the condition of the tested specimen.NOTE 3The data used for a basis for this reproducibility statementwere taken from a series o
17、f round-robin tests run by the UpholsteryLeather Group, Tanners Council, from December 14, 1956 to April 18,FIG. 1 Newark Flexing Machinein. mm114 32112 38(a) Open Position (b) Closed PositionFIG. 2 Adjustment of PistonsD2097 03 (2016)21957. Six adjacent samples, from the official sampling area, wer
18、e takenfrom each hide tested. These samples were distributed to six differentlaboratories for test. Three types of upholstery leather were used: fullgrain, hand buff, and deep buff. In the data examined, 57 hand buff hides,62 full grain hides, and 61 deep buff hides were represented. TheFriedman two
19、-way analysis of variance by ranks5,6was used to comparethe results obtained by the different laboratories. The Chi Square Rankvalue for the hand buff was 5.1, a probability of 0.4, whereas the ChiSquare Rank value for full grain was 2.3, a probability of 0.82. That is,based on these two sets of res
20、ults, there was no significant difference in thetest results from the different laboratories. The deep buff results however,showed a Chi Square Rank value of 44.2, probability less than 0.001. Thedeep buff tests, however, were run at 60 000 cycles. Common specifica-tions within the industry call for
21、 only 30 000 cycles on deep buff leathers.It is recommended that greater care be used in establishing interlaboratorycorrelation prior to use of this method on deep buff leathers, or reduce thecycles for the test to 30 000.11. Keywords11.1 finish; flex; leatherASTM International takes no position re
22、specting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This
23、 standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM Inter
24、national Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown b
25、elow.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-955
26、5 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ Friedman, “The Use of Ranks to Avoid the Assumption
27、of Normality,”General American Statistical Assn., Vol 32, 1937, pp. 675701.6Sidney Siegel, “Non-parametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences,”McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New York, NY 1956, pp. 166173.FIG. 3 Flexing Pattern in. mm18 3.21516 33FIG. 4 Probe for Evaluating SpecimensD2097 03 (2016)3
