1、Designation: D2111 10 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Test Methods forSpecific Gravity and Density of Halogenated OrganicSolvents and Their Admixtures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2111; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1
3、 These test methods cover the determination of thespecific gravity of halogenated organic solvents and solventadmixtures. They define suitable apparatus and procedures andfurnish details underlying the interpretation of test data and theselection of numerical limits for agreement among interestedper
4、sons and agencies.1.2 Three methods are covered as follows:1.2.1 Method A, specific gravity by means of a hydrometer.1.2.2 Method B, specific gravity and density by means of apycnometer.NOTE 1In referee problems, Method B may be used.1.2.3 Method C, specific gravity and density by means of anelectro
5、nic densitometer.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard
6、to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E100 Specification for ASTM HydrometersE2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
7、3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 densitythe mass of a given material per unit volume.3.1.1.1 DiscussionDensity for chlorinated solvents is nor-mally stated in grams per cubic centimetre. Pounds per gallonis also commonly used.3.1.2 specific gravitythe ratio of the mass in air of a givenvolume of
8、the material at a stated temperature to the mass in airof an equal volume of distilled water at a stated temperature.3.1.2.1 DiscussionWhen the temperature of the materialand of the water are the same, the specific gravity of thematerial is expressed as follows:Specific gravity x/xC, example 25/25C
9、(1)When the temperature of the material and of the waterare not the same, the specific gravity of the material isexpressed as follows:Specific gravity x/yC, example 20/4C (2)Note that when the density of water is expressed as4C, the specific gravity at the stated temperature is thesame as density at
10、 the stated temperature. For example,SG 20/4C = density at 20C.When using an electronic densitometer to determinespecific gravity, the temperature of the material to betested and the water reference will be the same. Examples25/25C, 20/20C.4. Significance and Use4.1 The density or specific gravity o
11、f a pure chlorinatedsolvent at a given temperature is constant. Density or specificgravity can be used in identification of materials, the assay ofbinary mixtures, and as an indication of purity of a givensolvent.5. Test Temperatures5.1 ASTM specifications normally state the temperaturesfor specific
12、 gravity of halogenated organic solvents at 25/25C.20/20C and 15.56/15.56C are other commonly used tempera-tures.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D26 onHalogenated Organic Solvents and Fire Extinguishing Agents and are the directresponsibility of Subcommittee D26.04 o
13、n Test Methods.Current edition approved June 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originallyapproved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D2111 10. DOI:10.1520/D2111-10R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.
14、 For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1METHOD ASPECIFIC GRAVITY BY MEANSOF A HYDROMETER6. Apparatus6.1 Hydr
15、ometerThe hydrometers to be used shall be thosespecified in Specification E100, as follows:Nominal Specific Gravity Range ASTM Hydrometer No.0.900 to 0.950 107H0.950 to 1.000 108H1.000 to 1.050 125H1.050 to 1.100 126H1.100 to 1.150 127H1.150 to 1.200 128H1.200 to 1.250 129H1.250 to 1.300 130H1.300 t
16、o 1.350 131H1.350 to 1.400 132H1.400 to 1.450 133H1.450 to 1.500 134H1.500 to 1.550 135H1.550 to 1.600 136H1.600 to 1.650 137H6.2 Hydrometer CylinderThe vessel in which the samplefor the gravity test is confined shall be made of clear glass andshall be cylindrical in shape. For convenience in pourin
17、g, itmay have a lip on the rim. The inside diameter shall be at least25.0 mm greater than the outside diameter of the hydrometerused in it. The height of the cylinder shall be such that thelength of the column of sample it contains is greater by at least25.0 mm than the portion of the hydrometer tha
18、t is immersedbeneath the surface of the sample after a state of equilibriumhas been reached.6.3 ThermometerAn ASTM Gravity Thermometer havinga range from 20 to +102C and conforming to the require-ments for Thermometer 12C as prescribed in SpecificationE2251.6.4 Water Bath, capable of maintaining the
19、 test temperature60.5C during the test.7. Procedure7.1 Cool the sample in the original container to about 1Cbelow the test temperature. Rinse each piece of equipment witha portion of the sample. Pour the sample into the cleanhydrometer cylinder without splashing, so as to avoid forma-tion of air bub
20、bles. Remove any air bubbles adhering to thesurface by touching them with a piece of clean filter paper.Select a location that is free of air currents. Place the cylindervertically in the water bath and let the temperature of thesample reach the test temperature as follows: Stir the contentsof the c
21、ylinder, being careful to avoid formation of air bubbles.When the temperature of the sample is 0.5C below the testtemperature, slowly and carefully lower the hydrometer intothe sample to a level two smallest scale divisions below that atwhich it will float, and then release the hydrometer.After it h
22、ascome to rest and floats freely away from the walls of thecylinder, read the gravity as the point at which the surface ofthe sample apparently cuts the hydrometer scale.7.2 When the sample is at the test temperature, make thisobservation by placing the eye slightly below the level of theliquid and
23、slowly raise the eye until the surface of the samplefirst seen as a distorted ellipse seems to become a straight linecutting the hydrometer scale. Determine the temperature of thesample just before and also, for referee tests, just after readingthe hydrometer.METHOD BSPECIFIC GRAVITY OR DENSITY BYME
24、ANS OF A PYCNOMETER8. Apparatus8.1 Pycnometer, 25-mL capacity with a ground-glass stop-per having a capillary opening, a chamber to provide forexpansion up to room temperature, and a cap to preventevaporation.8.2 Water Bath, capable of maintaining the temperature 60.5C during the test.8.3 Thermomete
25、rAn ASTM Low Softening Point Ther-mometer having a range from 2 to +80C and conforming tothe requirements for Thermometer 15C as prescribed in Speci-fication E2251.8.4 Analytical Balance, having a sensitivity of 60.1 mg.9. ProcedureSpecific Gravity9.1 Clean the pycnometer by filling it with a satura
26、tedsolution of chromic acid in concentrated sulfuric acid allowingit to stand for a few hours, emptying, and rinsing well withdistilled or deionized water.9.2 Fill the pycnometer with freshly boiled distilled ordeionized water that has been cooled to 2 or 3C below the testtemperature. Place it in th
27、e water bath maintained at the testtemperature until the pycnometer and its contents are at aconstant volume.9.3 After immersion in the bath for at least 30 min, adjustthe level of liquid to the proper point on the pycnometer, putthe stopper in place, remove from the bath, wipe dry, andweigh. Care s
28、hould be taken to avoid touching the pycnometerwith bare hands due to weight changes that will occur frompicking up moisture and oils. Record the weight as W1.9.4 Empty the pycnometer, rinse successively with alcoholor acetone, remove the vapor of the solvent by purging withclean, dry air or nitroge
29、n, immerse in the bath, and bring to thetest temperature as was done before.After immersion at the testtemperature for at least 30 min, put the stopper in place,remove from the bath, wipe dry, and weigh. Record the weightas W2.9.5 Subtract the weight of the empty pychometer from theweight when fille
30、d with water in order to get the weight of thecontained water at the test temperature in air. The differenceW=W1W2.9.6 Cool the sample to 2 or 3C below the test temperature,fill the pycnometer with it, immerse in the bath, and bring tothe test temperature as was done before.After immersion at thetes
31、t temperature for at least 30 min, adjust the liquid level, putthe stopper in place, remove from the bath, wipe dry, andweigh. Record the temperature as S19.7 Subtract the weight of the empty pycnometer from theweight when filled with the sample in order to obtain theweight of the contained sample.
32、The difference S=S1W2.D2111 10 (2015)210. Calculation10.1 Calculate the specific gravity (in air) as follows:Specific gravity T/T 5 S/W (3)where:T = test temperature10.2 Material specifications often specify different tempera-tures at which specific gravity shall be measured. In order toconvert to a
33、ny selected temperature, the coefficient of cubicalexpansion for the material being tested must be used. Inaddition, the absolute density of water at the desired tempera-ture is taken. The absolute densities of water at differenttemperatures are tabulated in various handbooks. In convertingto any de
34、sired temperature basis, the following equation isused:Specific gravity T3/T4C5 specific gravity T1/T211kT32 T1!#dH2Oat T4dH2Oat T2(4)where:T1/T2= original temperature conditions,T3/T4= new temperature conditions,k = coefficient of cubical expansion (0.00117 at 0 to40C for trichloroethylene, 0.00102
35、 at 0 to 25C forperchloroethylene, 0.00125 at 0 to 30C for 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 0.00137 at 0 to 40C for methylenechloride, and 0.000927 at 0 to 30C forfluorocarbon-113), anddH2O= absolute density of water at the specifiedtemperature.10.2.1 ExampleAssume a specific gravity of 1.4550 at25/25C for tr
36、ichloroethylene. This is to be converted to15/4C and 20/20C.Specific gravity 15/4C= 1.4550 1 + 0.00117(15 25) (0.999973 0.997044)= 1.4550 0.9883 1.00293= 1.4679where 0.999973/0.997044 = ratio of the absolute density ofwater at 4C compared to the absolute density of water at 25C.Specific gravity 20/2
37、0C= 1.4550 1 + 0.00117 (2025) (0.998203 0.997044)= 1.4550 0.99415 1.00116= 1.4619where 0.998203/0.997044 = ratio of the absolute density ofwater at 20C compared to the absolute density of water at25C.NOTE 2Figures for absolute density of water are taken from theHandbook of Chemistry and Physics, For
38、ty-ninth edition (19681969),published by The Chemical Rubber Co.11. ProcedureDensity11.1 Clean the pycnometer by filling it with a saturatedsolution of chromic acid in concentrated sulfuric acid, allowingit to stand for a few hours, emptying, and rinsing well withdistilled water. Remove the water fr
39、om the pycnometer byrinsing it with alcohol or acetone, and blow the vapor out withclean, dry air or nitrogen.11.2 Place the empty pycnometer in the water bath andbring it to the test temperature. Allow the pycnometer toremain at the test temperature for 30 min.11.3 Remove the pycnometer from the wa
40、ter bath, wipe itdry, put the stopper in place, and weigh the pycnometer.Record the weight as P. Do not touch the pycnometer with barehands, as moisture and oils from the hands can affect theweight.11.4 Fill the pycnometer with the sample that has beencooled to 2 or 3C below the test temperature. Pl
41、ace it in thewater bath maintained at the test temperature 60.5C until thepycnometer and its contents are at a constant volume.11.5 After immersion in the bath for at least 30 min, adjustthe level of liquid to the proper point on the pycnometer, putthe stopper in place, remove the pycnometer from th
42、e bath,wipe it dry, and weigh it. Record the weight as S.12. Calculation12.1 Calculate the density by the formula:d 5S 2 PV(5)whereP = is the weight of pycnometer,S = is the weight of the filled pycnometer, andV = is the volume (25 mL in this case) of the pycnometer.13. Precision and Bias13.1 When T
43、est Method B is employed, different laborato-ries using different instruments should be able to obtain resultsthat differ from the means by not more than 0.0002.13.2 The limits of precision and bias of any method fordetermining specific gravity depend upon the attention that isgiven to details of ca
44、libration and technique. Consideration, ingeneral, must be given to the problems of keeping a largevolume of liquid (sometimes unstirred) at a constanttemperature, providing for the effects of humidity or staticelectricity during weighing of pycnometers, and weighingrelatively large loads.METHOD CSP
45、ECIFIC GRAVITY AND DENSITY BYMEANS OF AN ELECTRONIC DENSITOMETER14. Apparatus14.1 Electronic Densitometer, capable of measuring anddisplaying results to the fourth decimal place. These analyzersconsist of a U-shaped, oscillating sample tube and a system forelectronic excitation, frequency counting,
46、and display. Thedensity of the sample changes the mass of the tube, whichchanges the frequency of oscillation. The instrument must havemeans of maintaining the temperature of the sample tube to60.05C in the desired range.14.2 Syringe or other device suitable for introduction of asample into the dens
47、itometer. Refer to the manufacturersinstructions.D2111 10 (2015)314.3 Thermometer, calibrated and graduated to 0.1C forobserving and setting the temperature of measurement. Thedensitometer may display sample temperature, in which casethe thermometer is not used.15. Calibration15.1 The densitometer m
48、ust be calibrated for use at a giventemperature. Follow the manufacturers instructions for cali-bration. A densitometer is generally calibrated by setting theinstruments output (display) at the density of dry air (0.0012at 15.56C, 20C, and 25C) when the measuring cell is empty,and then similarly set
49、ting the output at the density or specificgravity (1.0000) of water at the set temperature when the cellis full of degassed, deionized water (see 15.2 or 15.3).15.2 Calibration for Specific GravityFill the measuringcell with degassed, deionized water and allow the cell andwater to come to the set temperature as shown by a constantoutput reading. This will take approximately 2 min. Followingthe manufacturers instructions, set the output to 1.0000. Theinstrument is now calibrated for specific gravi
