1、Designation: D 2156 94 (Reapproved 2003)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forSmoke Density in Flue Gases from Burning Distillate Fuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2156; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption o
2、r, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope
3、1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of smoke densityin the flue gases from burning distillate fuels. It is intendedprimarily for use with home heating equipment burning kero-sine or heating oils. It can be used in the laboratory or in thefield to compare fuels for clean burning or to compare
4、heatingequipment.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values in parentheses are provided for informa-tion only. Arbitrary and relative units are also used.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It
5、is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 97 Test Method for Directional Reflectance Factor, 45-deg 0-deg, of Opaque Spec
6、imens by Broad-Band FilterReflectometry33. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 smoke spot numberthe number of the spot on thestandard scale most closely matching the color (or shade) of thetest spot.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A test smoke spot is obtained by pulling
7、 a fixed volumeof flue gas through a fixed area of standard filter paper. Thecolor (or shade) of the spot thus produced is visually matchedwith a standard scale, and the smoke density is expressed as a“smoke spot number.”5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means of controlling smo
8、keproduction in home heating equipment to an acceptable level.Excessive smoke density adversely affects efficiency by heat-exchanger fouling.5.2 The range of smoke densities covered by this testmethod is that which has been found particularly pertinent tohome-heating application. It is more sensitiv
9、e to small amountsof smoke than several other smoke tests as indicated in thefollowing comparison:Smoke SpotNumberIcham, percentTransmissionRingelmanSmoke Number0 100 0295480654818 0909 0 0to56. Apparatus6.1 Sampling DeviceA suitable device providing a totalflue gas sample volume of 36 900 6 1650 cm
10、3at 16C, 1 atm(2250 6 100 in.3at 60F, 1 atm) for each 6.45 cm2(1 in.2)effective surface area of filter paper shall be employed. Thesampling device and connections shall be of such constructionthat the total travel of flue gas sample from flue to filter papershall not exceed 410 mm (16 in.). The devi
11、ce shall provide forcooling the sample below the charring temperature for the filterpaper but not below the dew point of the sample. Suitablelaboratory and portable field service equipment is illustrated inFig. 1 and Fig. 2.6.2 Smoke ScaleThe smoke scale required consists of tenspots numbered consec
12、utively from 0 to 9, ranging in equalphotometric steps from white through neutral shades of gray toblack, imprinted or otherwise processed on white paper orplastic stock having a surface reflectance of between 82.5 and87.5 % 45, 0 daylight luminous directional reflectance inaccordance with Test Meth
13、od E 97. The smoke scale spotnumber is defined as the reduction (due to smoke) in reflectedincident light divided by 10. Thus, the first spot, which is thecolor of the unimprinted scale, will be No. 0, since in the case1This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts
14、 and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.E0 onBurner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2003. Published November 2003. Originallyapproved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 215694 (1999).2For referenced A
15、STM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
16、West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.of this spot there will be no reduction in reflected incident lightdirected thereon. The last spot, however, is very dark, reflectingonly 10% of the incident light directed thereon; thus in thiscase the reduction in reflected incident light is 90 %, wh
17、ichgives to this darkest spot the No. 9. Intermediate spot numbersare similarly established. Limits of permissible reflectancevariation of any smoke scale spot shall not exceed 63%relative reflectance (Note 1 and Note 2).NOTE 1Such smoke scales are sufficiently accurate for field use andfor many lab
18、oratory smoke testing applications. However, speciallycalibrated scales (known as certified smoke scales) will sometimes berequired. A certified smoke scale is obtained by individually calibratingeach smoke spot of a normal smoke scale.NOTE 2Where the smoke scale is protected with a plastic or trans
19、-parent cover the construction employed shall be such that when the smokespot on the filter paper is viewed for matching with the number spots onthe smoke scale, both shall be visible through the same thickness andnumber of sheets of transparent protective cover.7. Materials7.1 Test Filter Paper, ma
20、de from white filter paper stockhaving a surface reflectance of 82.5 to 87.5 % 45, 0 daylightluminous directional reflectance, in accordance with the TestMethod E 97. When clean air at standard conditions is drawnthrough clean filter paper at a rate of 47.6 cm3/scm2(1125in.3/minin.2) effective surfa
21、ce area of filter paper, the pressuredrop across the filter paper falls between limits of 13 and 64mm (0.5 and 2.5 in.) Hg.8. Procedure8.1 The sampling procedure used is critical. Therefore, theprocedure recommended by the equipment manufacturer shallbe rigidly followed.8.2 Use a clean, dry, samplin
22、g device. If a hand sampler isused, warm it above room temperature to prevent condensationon the filter paper. (This can usually be done conveniently byplacing the sampler on the boiler or furnace to be tested.)8.3 Insert filter paper in the sampler and tighten the filterpaper holder. Connect the sa
23、mpling device to the flue gasprobe. When taking smoke measurements in the flue pipe,position the end of the sampling probe at the center line of theflue pipe.8.4 Draw the required sample. When a hand sampler isused, permit the pressures in the flue gas stream and thesampler to equalize after each st
24、roke.8.5 Remove the filter paper. Compare the test spot backedwith a piece of white paper or plastic having 45, 0 daylightluminous directional reflectance of not less than 75 %, with thestandard scale.FIG. 1 Laboratory Type Smoke MeterFIG. 2 Field Service Type Smoke TesterD 2156 94 (2003)29. Report9
25、.1 Report the smoke density as smoke spot number on thestandard scale most closely corresponding to the test spot.Interpolate differences between two standard smoke spot num-bers to the nearest half number. Report smoke spot numbershigher than 9 as “Greater than No. 9.”NOTE 3Where more accurate resu
26、lts are desired, the human factorinvolved in visually comparing filter paper test spots with smoke scalespots can be eliminated by resort to direct use of a suitable photometer forevaluating test spots. This procedure is described in the Annex.10. Precision and Bias10.1 PrecisionNumerical rating of
27、the smoke spot num-ber as determined by the statistical examination of the testresults obtained by seven operators and smoke guns onidentical smoke samples at six different excess air levels is asfollows:10.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between the two testresults obtained by the same operator wit
28、h the same apparatusunder constant operating conditions on identical test materialwould, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation ofthe test method, exceed one-half of a smoke spot number foronly one case in twenty (Note 4).10.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two singleand indep
29、endent measurements of smoke spot number bydifferent operator/instrument pairs at the same location onidentical test material would, in the long run and in the normaland correct operation of the test method, exceed one smokespot number for only one case in twenty (Note 4).NOTE 4On July 10, 1989, sev
30、en test participants performed themeasurement of Smoke Density in Flue Gases from Burning DistillateFuels at six different excess air settings. All smoke spot determinationswere made, in duplicate, by each operator using a separate smoke gun, atone test site.410.2 BiasThe bias of this test method ca
31、nnot be deter-mined because there is no accepted standard distillate fuel witha known smoke spot number.11. Keywords11.1 heating oil; kerosine; smoke density; smoke spotnumberANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. ALTERNATIVE PHOTOMETRIC METHODA1.1 Direct Photometric EvaluationA1.1.1 The human factor invol
32、ved in visually comparingfilter paper test spots with smoke scale spots can be eliminatedby resorting to direct use of a suitable photometer for evalu-ating test spots. To make this direct photometric test spotevaluation, the following procedure shall be employed:A1.1.1.1 Mount a clean, unused filte
33、r paper, backed by aplaque painted with MgO or material having a 45, 0 daylightluminous directional reflectance of not less than 75 %, in thelight beam of a suitable type reflectance photometer. Adjust thephotometer to read 100 % reflectance in terms of the lightreflected from this clean surface. Ex
34、pose test smoke spot onfilter paper to the photometer light beam and measure thepercentage reduction in reflected light due to the presence ofsmoke particles on the filter paper. Gross smoke spot numbershall be defined as equal to the percentage reduction inreflected light divided by ten.A1.2 Photom
35、eter SpecificationsA1.2.1 The photometer to be employed for direct test spotnumber evaluation shall be of the electrically operated reflec-tance type employing a photoelectric cell, fitted with a specialholder(s) to accommodate filter paper test specimens. It is to becapable of measuring the 45, 0 d
36、aylight luminous directionalreflectance. It is to be furnished complete with a greentristimulus filter and with reflectance standards of approxi-mately 20, 40, 60, and 80 % 45, 0 daylight luminousdirectional reflectance, to permit photometer readings between10 and 90 % (relative to clean filter pape
37、r) to be made within62 % accuracy.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risko
38、f infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this
39、standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake yo
40、ur views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D021325.D 2156 94 (2003)3
