1、Designation: D 2157 94 (Reapproved 2008)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forEffect of Air Supply on Smoke Density in Flue Gases fromBurning Distillate Fuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2157; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yea
2、r oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the perfor-ma
3、nce of distillate fuels from the standpoint of clean, efficientburning. It is intended primarily for use with home heatingequipment burning No. 1 or No. 2 fuel oils. It can be usedeither in the laboratory or in the field to compare fuels using agiven heating unit or to compare the performance of hea
4、tingunits using a given fuel.NOTE 1This test method applies only to pressure atomizing androtary-type burners.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are
5、 not considered standard.1.2.1 Arbitrary and relative units are also used.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine
6、 the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 2156 Test Method for Smoke Density in Flue Gases fromBurning Distillate Fuels3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 effciencydefined as the percentage of gross heat
7、 ofcombustion of the fuel which is retained by the equipment andwhich does not pass out in the flue gases.3.1.2 excess combustion airthe percentage of air enteringthe equipment over and above that needed for stoichiometricconversion of the fuel to the ultimate combustion products,essentially CO2and
8、water, for a normal fuel. This may becalculated from the percentage CO2in the flue gas and thecarbon-hydrogen ratio of the fuel.3.1.3 flue-gas carbon dioxide (CO2)the percentage con-centration of carbon dioxide in the flue gas, measured byconventional Orsat analysis, or the equivalent.3.1.4 net stac
9、k temperaturethe difference between thestack temperature and the ambient temperature of the air nearthe inlet to the burner.3.1.5 smoke densitythe concentration of smoke in the fluegas, measured as a Smoke Spot Number as described in TestMethod D 2156.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The flue-gas smoke
10、density is measured for variousamounts of combustion air while the burner is operating atequilibrium conditions. Results are expressed as a plot ofsmoke density as a function of flue-gas carbon dioxide (CO2)content, or alternatively, as a function of percentage excesscombustion air.5. Significance a
11、nd Use5.1 This test method relates efficiency of operation ofdomestic heating equipment to clean burning. Reducing com-bustion air in a burner gives more efficient operation. Theextent to which combustion air can be reduced is limited by theonset of unacceptable smoke production. By delineating ther
12、elation between smoke density and air supply, this test method(together with net stack temperature data) defines the maxi-mum efficiency for a given installation at any acceptable smokelevel.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is
13、the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.E0.01 on Burner Fuels.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2008. Published February 2009. Originallyapproved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 215794(2003).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM
14、 Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.2 For certain types of equip
15、ment, such as the rotarywall-flame burner, too much excess air will cause smoke aswell as too little. For these cases, the point of minimum excessair at the acceptable smoke level indicates the optimumefficiency.5.3 The operating temperatures of the equipment will affectthese test results. The relat
16、ion of excess air to smoke density isthus susceptible to some change at different points in anoperating cycle. In practice, an adequate compromise is pos-sible by operating the burner for 15 min before any readingsare recorded and then obtaining the test data within a succeed-ing 25-min period.5.4 U
17、nder laboratory conditions, CO2readings are repro-ducible to 60.3 % and smoke readings are reproducible to 612smoke spot number.6. Apparatus6.1 Sampling Device for determining smoke density, asdescribed in the Apparatus section of Test Method D 2156.6.2 Conventional Orsat Apparatus, or the equivalen
18、t, fordetermining the volume percentage of CO2in the dry fluegases.6.3 Suitable Flue Gas Probes for smoke density and CO2measurements. These are to be located not more than 12 in.(300 mm) from the outlet of the boiler or furnace and at leasttwo flue-pipe diameters before any barometric draft control
19、(Note 2). The probe ends shall be located so that the samplesare withdrawn from the centerline of the flue pipe.NOTE 2In some field installations, a compromise can be made, inwhich case the probes may be inserted as close to the outlet as possible,but not closer to a barometric draft control than on
20、e flue pipe diameter. Inthe event this compromise cannot be met, the manufacturer may berequested to furnish instructions stating the location of sampling pointsand the procedure for taking measurements.7. Procedure7.1 Start the burner and operate for 15 min according tomanufacturers specifications
21、(particular attention should bepaid to draft and oil pressure). Then take flue-gas samples forsmoke and CO2and record.7.2 Change the air shutter settings, operate for 4 min,sample, and record smoke and CO2. Repeat until a minimum offour data points is obtained, spaced over the range of interest.The
22、entire data-taking period must be accomplished withinabout 25 min for a field installation.8. Report8.1 Report the smoke density-CO2relation or the smokedensity-excess air relation, or both, in graphical form. Fig. 1shows typical pressure-atomizing burner and typical rotarywallflame burner data.8.2
23、For fuels of varying composition, excess air is of morefundamental significance than CO2. It is calculated from fuelcomposition data and flue gas CO2by conventional methods.For many purposes, however, available No. 1 and No. 2 fueloils are similar enough in composition so that results reportedonly i
24、n terms of percent CO2are useful. When this is done,report the fuel as either No. 1 or No. 2 fuel oils.9. Precision and Bias9.1 PrecisionNumerical rating of the smoke spot numberas determined by the statistical examination of the test resultsobtained by seven operators and smoke guns on identicalsmo
25、ke samples at six different air levels is as follows:9.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between the two smokespot test results obtained by the same operator with the sameapparatus under constant operating conditions on identical testmaterial would, in the long run, in the normal and correctoperation
26、of the test method, exceed one-half of a smoke spotnumber for only one case in twenty (Note 3).9.1.2 ReproducibilityUnder laboratory conditions, CO2measurements are reproducible to 60.3 volume percent CO2.The difference between two single and independent measure-ments of smoke spot number by differe
27、nt operator/instrumentpairs at the same location on identical test material would, inthe long run and in the normal and correct operation of the testmethod, exceed one smoke spot number for only one case intwenty (Note 3).NOTE 3On July 10, 1989, seven test participants performed themeasurement of sm
28、oke density in flue gases from burning distillate fuelsat six different excess air settings. All smoke spot determinations weremade, in duplicate, by each operator using a separate smoke gun, at onetest site. No CO2measurements were performed during this program. Thecited reproducibility for CO2is t
29、aken from the 1980 version of this testmethod, which did not reference the source of the reproducibility.39.2 BiasThe bias of this test method cannot be determinedbecause there is no accepted standard distillate fuel with aknown smoke spot number.10. Keywords10.1 heating oil; kerosine; smoke density
30、3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D021325.FIG. 1 Typical Smoke-CO2and Excess Air-CO2CurvesD 2157 94 (2008)2ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection w
31、ith any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible tec
32、hnical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful considera
33、tion at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr H
34、arbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 2157 94 (2008)3
