1、Designation: D217 16Designation: 50/88Standard Test Methods forCone Penetration of Lubricating Grease1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D217; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover four procedures f
3、or measuringthe consistency of lubricating greases by the penetration of acone of specified dimensions, mass, and finish. The penetrationis measured in tenths of a millimetre.NOTE 1The National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI)2classifiedgreases according to their consistency as measured by the wo
4、rkedpenetration. The classification system is as follows:NLGIConsistency NumberWorked Penetration Range,25 C (77 F)000 445 to 47500 400 to 4300 355 to 3851 310 to 3402 265 to 2953 220 to 2504 175 to 2055 130 to 1606 85to1151.1.1 The procedures for unworked, worked, and prolongedworked penetration ar
5、e applicable to greases having penetra-tions between 85 and 475, that is, to greases with consistencynumbers between NLGI 6 and NLGI 000. An undisturbedpenetration test, described in Appendix X1, is similar to theunworked penetration test.1.1.2 The block penetration procedure is applicable togreases
6、 that are sufficiently hard to hold their shape. Suchgreases usually have penetrations below eighty-five tenths of amillimetre.1.1.3 Unworked penetrations do not generally represent theconsistency of greases in use as effectively as do workedpenetrations. The latter are usually preferred for inspect
7、inglubricating greases.1.2 None of the four procedures is considered suitable forthe measurement of the consistency of petrolatums by penetra-tion. Test Method D937 should be used for such products.1.3 The dimensions of the equipment described in these testmethods are given in SI units as the primar
8、y unit of measurewith equivalent imperial units as accetpable alternatives whereapplicable. In cases where equivalent SI conversions are notknown, notes are added for clarification. Temperatures andother dimensions are given in the preferred SI units; the valuesshown in parentheses are provided for
9、information.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.
10、Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D937 Test Method for Cone Penetration of PetrolatumD1403 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of LubricatingGrease Using One-Quarter and One-Half Scale ConeEquipment3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 consistency, nof lubricating grease, the degree ofresistance t
11、o movement under stress.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe term consistency is used somewhatsynonymously with penetration. Generally, consistency refersto the worked penetration of a grease.3.1.2 lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them.3.1.3 lubricat
12、ing grease, na semi-fluid to solid product ofa dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.1These test methods are the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.G0.02 on Consistency and Related Rheolo
13、gical Tests. In the IP,these test methods are under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee.These test methods were adopted as a joint ASTM-IP standard in 1969.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originallyapproved in 1925. Last previous edition approved in 2010
14、 as D217 10. DOI:10.1520/D0217-16.2National Lubricating Grease Institute, 4635 Wyandotte St., Kansas City, MO64112-1596.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer
15、 to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.3.1 DiscussionThe dispersion of the thickener forms atwo-p
16、hase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant bysurface tension and other physical forces. Other ingredients arecommonly included to impart special properties.3.1.4 penetrometer, nan instrument that measures theconsistency or hardness of semiliquid to semisolid materials bymeasuring the depth to
17、which a specified cone or needle undera given force falls into the material.3.1.4.1 DiscussionIn this test method, either a standardpenetrometer 6.2 or an optional penetrometer cone A1.3 can beused to determine the consistency of lubricating greases. Thepenetration force is determined by the mass of
18、 the cone and theshaft.3.1.5 thickener, nin lubricating grease, a substance com-posed of finely divided particles dispersed in a liquid lubricantto form the products structure.3.1.5.1 DiscussionThe thickener can be fibers (such asvarious metallic soaps) or plates or spheres (such as certainnon-soap
19、thickeners) which are insoluble or, at most, only veryslightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The general require-ments are that the solid particles be extremely small, uniformlydispersed, and capable of forming a relatively stable, gel-likestructure with the liquid lubricant.3.2 Definitions of Te
20、rms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 block penetration, nof lubricating grease, the pen-etration at 25 C (77 F) determined on the freshly preparedface of a cube cut from a sample that is sufficiently hard to holdits shape.3.2.2 penetration, nof lubricating grease, the depth thatthe standard cone (see
21、 A1.1), enters the sample when releasedto fall under its own weight for 5 s.3.2.3 penetrometer, nan instrument (see Fig. 1) designedto measure the depth to which the standard cone falls into thegrease.3.2.4 prolonged worked penetration, nof lubricatinggrease, the penetration of a sample after it has
22、 been workedmore than 60 double strokes in a standard grease worker at atemperature of 15 C to 30 C (59 F to 86 F).3.2.4.1 DiscussionAfter the prescribed number of doublestrokes, the worker and contents are brought to 25 C (77 F),worked an additional 60 double strokes, and penetrated withoutdelay.3.
23、2.5 unworked penetration, nof lubricating grease, thepenetration at 25 C (77 F) of a sample that has received onlyminimum disturbance in transferring to a grease worker cup ordimensionally equivalent rigid container.3.2.6 worked penetration, nof lubricating grease, the pen-etration at 25 C (77 F), w
24、ithout delay, of a sample after 60double strokes in a standard grease worker.3.2.7 working, nof lubricating grease, the subjection of asample to the shearing action of the standard grease worker.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 For unworked penetration, the sample is brought to25 C 6 0.5 C (77 F 6 1 F)
25、using a temperature bath. Thesample is then transferred with as little manipulation aspossible into a worker cup (or other suitable container), if notplaced there before the temperature stabilization step. The coneassembly of the penetrometer is released and allowed to dropfreely into the grease for
26、 5 s 6 0.1 s. Three determinations aremade and averaged to give the reported result.4.2 For worked penetration, the sample is brought to 25 C6 0.5 C (77 F 6 1 F) and placed in the worker cup. Thesample is subjected to 60 double strokes in the grease worker.The penetration is determined immediately b
27、y releasing thecone assembly from the penetrometer and allowing the cone todrop freely into the grease for 5 s 6 0.1 s. Three determina-tions are made and averaged to give the reported result.4.3 For prolonged worked penetration, the sample is placedin the worker cup and subjected to a predetermined
28、 number ofdouble strokes in the grease worker. Following completion ofthe prolonged working, the grease and worker assembly arebrought to 25 C 6 0.5 C (77 F 6 1 F) and the grease isworked an additional 60 double strokes in the grease worker.The penetration is determined immediately by releasing thec
29、one assembly from the penetrometer and allowing the cone todrop freely into the grease for 5 6 0.1 s. Three determinationsare made and averaged to give the reported result.4.4 For block penetration, a cube of the grease is preparedby slicing off a thin layer using the grease cutter. The cube ofgreas
30、e is brought to 25 C 6 0.5 C (77 F 6 1 F) and placedon the penetrometer table with the prepared face upward. Thepenetration is determined by releasing the cone assembly fromFIG. 1 PenetrometerD217 162the penetrometer and allowing the cone to drop freely into thegrease for 5 s 6 0.1 s. Three determin
31、ations are made andaveraged to give the reported result.5. Significance and Use5.1 These cone penetration tests not only evaluate theconsistency of lubricating greases over the full range of NLGInumbers from 000 to 6, but also evaluate the consistency ofstiff greases having penetration numbers less
32、than 85. Incontrast, Test Method D937 is aimed at petrolatums and TestMethod D1403 uses less precise one-quarter and one-half scaleequipment intended for use when the sample quantity islimited.5.2 Cone penetration test results provide one measure of theconsistency of a grease. Worked penetration res
33、ults are re-quired to determine to which NLGI consistency grade a greasebelongs. Undisturbed penetration results provide a means ofevaluating the effect of storage conditions on grease consis-tency.5.3 Although no correlation has been developed betweencone penetration results and field service, the
34、cone penetrationsobtained by the four procedures are widely used for specifica-tion purposes, such as in users material specifications andsuppliers manufacturing specifications.6. Apparatus6.1 Penetrometer, in accordance with A1.1. The instrumentshall be capable of indicating depth in tenths of a mi
35、llimetre.Asketch of a generic penetrometer is shown in Fig. 1.6.2 Standard Penetrometer Cone, in accordance with A1.2,is suitable for all penetrations. An optional penetrometer cone,in accordance with A1.3, is suitable only for penetrations lessthan 400. The optional cone should not be used to measu
36、re thepenetration of 00 and 000 grade greases.6.3 Grease Worker, comprising a grease cup, cover, andplunger assembly, in accordance with A1.4, constructed foreither manual or mechanical operation.6.3.1 Grease Worker Drive, Manual, in accordance withA1.5, which allows for working the grease at a rate
37、 of 60 6 10double strokes per minute.6.3.2 Grease Worker Drive, Motorized, in accordance withA1.6, which allows for working the grease at a rate of 60 6 10double strokes per minute. This apparatus is essential for theworking step of the prolonged worked penetration procedure.6.4 Grease Cutter, in ac
38、cordance with A1.7, is used forpreparation of samples for block penetration.6.5 Temperature Bath, capable of controlling the bath tem-perature at 25 C 6 0.5 C (77 F 6 1 F) and designed tobring the assembled grease worker to test temperature conve-niently. Examples of suitable temperature baths inclu
39、de a waterbath, air bath, constant temperature test room, or atemperature-controlled metal block. If a water bath is to beused for samples for unworked penetration, means should beprovided for protecting the grease surface from water and formaintaining the air above the sample at test temperature.An
40、 airbath is preferred for bringing block greases to test temperature,but a tightly sealed container placed in a water bath will suffice.6.6 Spatula, corrosion-resistant, having a stiff blade nomi-nally 32 mm (1.25 in.) wide and at least 150 mm (6 in.) long.6.7 Temperature-Measuring Device, with a sh
41、eath length ofapproximately 200 mm (8 in.) and a sheath diameter of ap-proximately 3.7 mm (0.145 in.) (small enough to fit throughthe vent cock). The temperature range of the device should bewide enough to allow it to be immersed in grease at approxi-mately 38 C (100 F) without damage. The scale sho
42、uld havesmall enough divisions (or digital resolution) to allow the userto read 60.5 C (61 F). A spacer can be applied to the upperportion of the sheath to hold the tip just above the perforatedplate of the grease worker and in the bulk of the sample (seeA1.3).6.8 Overflow Ring (optional), in accord
43、ance with A1.8,isauseful device for catching grease scraped from the samplesurface as well as any grease forced by the penetrometer coneto overflow from the cup. This grease can be returned to theworker cup for subsequent testing.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Appropriate Volatile Gum-free Solvent, fo
44、r example,light petroleum naphtha.7.2 Cloth or Paper Wiper, for wiping grease from thepenetrometer cone. The wiper should be soft, so as not toscratch the cone.8. Sampling8.1 Sample SizeSufficient sample (at least 0.45 kg(1.1 lb) to overfill the cup of the standard grease worker isrequired. If the s
45、ample size is insufficient and penetrationranges from NLGI 0 to 4, use Test Method D1403.8.1.1 For block penetration, obtain a sufficient size sampleof the grease, which must be hard enough to hold its shape, topermit cutting from it a 50 mm (2 in.) cube as a test specimen.8.2 Sample PreparationSamp
46、les are prepared for thevarious cone penetration test methods as follows:8.2.1 Unworked PenetrationPrior to performing the test,the grease sample (if necessary, in a suitable container or in theworker cup) and the test equipment (worker cup and cone)must all be at a standard temperature of 25 C 6 0.
47、5 C (77 F6 1 F). This can be achieved by the use of a temperature bath(6.5) or a combination of different temperature baths, It isimportant to allow sufficient time for the grease and testequipment to reach 25 C 6 0.5 C (77 F 6 1 F). Additionaltime will be required to achieve a consistent temperatur
48、e of25 C 6 0.5 C (77 F 6 1 F) if the sample is larger than0.45 kg (1.1 lb), or if the initial sample temperature differsfrom 25 C by more than about 8 C (15 F). If the greasesample and equipment are already at the correct temperaturebefore the sample is placed into the worker cup, there is noneed to
49、 further stabilize the sample once it has been placed inthe cup. Testing may proceed if the specimen is at a uniformtemperature of 25 C 6 0.5 C. Transfer the specimen, prefer-ably in one lump, to overfill the cup of the grease worker orother container. Make this transfer in such a manner that thegrease will be worked as little as possible.D217 1638.2.1.1 Preparing Sample for MeasurementJar the cup todrive out trapped air and pack the grease with the spatula, withas little manipulation as possible, to
