1、Designation: D 2266 01 (Reapproved 2008)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forWear Preventive Characteristics of Lubricating Grease(Four-Ball Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2266; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigi
2、nal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Def
3、ense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the wearpreventive characteristics of greases in sliding steel-on-steelapplications. It is not intended to predict wear characteristicswith metal combinations other than steel-on-steel or to evaluatethe extreme pressure characteristics of
4、 the grease.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard except where the test apparatus or consumable partsare only available in other units. In such cases, these will beregarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not p
5、urport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2
6、D 4172 Test Method for Wear Preventive Characteristics ofLubricating Fluid (Four-Ball Method)D 6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and BiasData for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products andLubricants2.2 ANSI Standard:3B3.12 for Metal Balls3. Terminology3.1 There are no terms in this te
7、st method that require newor other than dictionary definitions.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Three12 in. (12.7-mm) diameter steel balls are clampedtogether and covered with the lubricant to be evaluated. Afourth12 in. diameter steel ball, referred to as the top ball, ispressed with a force of 40 kgf
8、(392 N) into the cavity formedby the three clamped balls for three-point contact. The tem-perature of the lubricating grease specimen is regulated at 75C(167F) and then the top ball is rotated at 1200 rpm for 60 min.Lubricants are compared by using the average size of the scardiameters worn on the t
9、hree lower clamped balls.NOTE 1Because of differences in the construction of the variousmachines on which the four-ball test can be made, the manufacturersinstructions should be consulted for proper machine setup and operation.NOTE 2Although the test can be run under other test parameters, theprecis
10、ion noted in Section 11 can vary when testing with other than testparameters listed in Section 8.5. Significance and Use5.1 The four-ball wear-test method can be used to determinethe relative wear-preventing properties of greases under the testconditions and if the test conditions are changed the re
11、lativeratings may be different. No correlation has been establishedbetween the four-ball wear test and field service. The testmethod cannot be used to differentiate between ExtremePressure (EP) and Non-Extreme Pressure (Non-EP) Greases.46. Apparatus6.1 Four-Ball Wear-Tester and AccessoriesSee Fig. 1
12、 andFig. 2.5NOTE 3It is important to distinguish between the Four-Ball EP Tester1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.G0.04 on Functional Tests - Tribology.Current edition approved May
13、 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originallyapproved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 226601.This test method has been adopted for use by government agencies to replaceMethod 6514 of Federal Test Method Standard No. 791b.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, w
14、ww.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.
15、ansi.org.4Further details on this test method may be found in the article by Stalling, L.,NLGI Spokesman, Vol 31, No. 11, February 1988, pp. 396401. This article has beensubmitted as a research report, but it does not follow research report guidelinesbecause the work was conducted before research re
16、port guidelines were instituted.5The sole source of supply of the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine known to thecommittee at this time is Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Drive, Sugar Grove, IL 60554.If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTMInternational Headquarters. You
17、r comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.This company can also furnish a microscope with a special base to measure thewear scars without removing the balls from the test-oil cup. Discontinued models ofthe Four-Ball Wear Te
18、st Machine made by Precision Scientific Co. and RoxannaMachine Works are also satisfactory.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.and the Four-Ball Wear Tester. The Four-Ball EP Tester is designed fortesting under heavier lo
19、ads and more severe conditions; it lacks thesensitivity necessary for performing four-ball wear test.6.2 Microscope,6capable of measuring the diameters of thescars produced on the three stationary balls to an accuracy of0.01 mm. It is more efficient to measure the scars withoutremoving the three bal
20、ls from the holder.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Test Balls7, chrome alloy steel, made fromAISI standardsteel No. E-52100, with diameter of 0.5 in. (12.7 mm), Grade25 EP (Extra Polish). Such balls are described in ANSISpecifications B 3.12, for Metal Balls. The Extra-Polish finishis not described in
21、that specification. The Rockwell C hardnessshall be 64 to 66, a closer limit than is found in the ANSIrequirement.NOTE 4Steel balls meeting this description were used in developingthe precision of the test.7.2 Cleaning Fluids for preparing balls and apparatus forthe test should be those capable of r
22、emoving metal preservativecoating from the balls, eliminating carryover effects from onetest to the next. The cleaning fluid selected should be non-film-forming and not contribute to the wear or antiwear propertiesof the test lubricant. (for example, chlorinated solvents shouldnot be used.)8. Test C
23、onditions8.1 The test shall be conducted under the following condi-tions:Temperature 75 6 2C (167 6 4F)Speed 1200 6 60 rpmDuration 60 6 1minLoad 40 6 0.2 kgf (392 6 2N)NOTE 5Although the test can be run under other conditions, theprecision limits described in Section 11 apply only to tests conducted
24、under the conditions described in Section 8.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Set up the drive of the test machine to obtain a spindlespeed of 1200 6 60 rpm.9.2 Set the temperature controller to maintain a test tem-perature of 75 6 2C (167 6 4F).9.3 When an automatic timer is used to terminate a test,
25、itshould be checked for the required 6 1 min. accuracy at 60min. elapsed time.9.4 The loading mechanism must be balanced to a zeroreading with all parts and test grease in place. To demonstrateproper precision, an addition or subtraction of 0.2 kgf (19.6 N)should be detectable in imbalance. Determin
26、ation of accuracyof loading at 40 kgf (392 N) is difficult and generally is limitedto careful measurement of lever-arm ratios and weights withdead-weight loading apparatus or piston diameter and calibra-tion of pressure gauge with pneumatic loading systems.10. Procedure10.1 Thoroughly clean four tes
27、t balls, clamping parts for theupper and lower balls and the oil cup using a cleaning fluid orfluids selected in 7.2. Ultrasonic vibration can be used to assistthe cleaning process. Wipe the parts using a fresh (unused)lint-free industrial wipe. After cleaning, handle all parts usinga fresh wipe. No
28、 trace of cleaning fluid should remain when thetest oil is introduced and the machine assembled.10.2 Insert one of the clean test balls into the ball chuck.Insert the ball chuck into spindle of the test machine andtighten according to the equipment manufacturers directions.NOTE 6Insertion of the bal
29、l into the ball chuck should requiremoderate force and result in an audible snap as the test ball enters the ballchuck. The ball should be free from any movement. If the ball rotates ormoves within the ball chuck, replace the ball chuck.10.3 Place a small amount of the grease in the ball cupsufficie
30、nt to fill the void space between the three balls to beinserted and the bottom of the ball cup. Insert the three test6The sole source of supply of the microscope known to the committee at thistime is Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Drive, Sugar Grove, IL 60554. If you are awareof alternative suppliers, pl
31、ease provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,1which you may attend.Falex Corp. Microscope F-1519-31 measures directly to 0.1 mm and byinterpolation to 0.01 mm. A higher resolution
32、version, F-1519-31A, measures to0.001 mm.7Steel balls meeting this description were used in developing the precision of thetest. They are available from the manufacturer of the test machine and some ballmanufacturers. Some operators prefer to check a new box of balls by running an oilor a lubricatin
33、g grease with a known reference. All balls used in one test should betaken from one carton (of 500 balls) as received from the supplier.FIG. 1 Precision Scientific Company Four-Ball Test ArrangementFIG. 2 Falex Corporation (Roxanna) Four-Ball Test ArrangementD 2266 01 (2008)2balls in the ball cup an
34、d lock the balls in position by handtightening the locknut into the ball cup using the wrenchsupplied by the equipment manufacturer.NOTE 7Hand tightening has been found to be between 33.8 and 67.8Nm (25 to 50 lbft.).10.4 Coat the test balls located in the ball chuck and ball cupcompletely and thorou
35、ghly with the test grease and then fill theball cup with grease and level off with the top surface of thelocknut.10.5 Place the ball cup assembly containing the three testballs and grease specimen on the test machine. Avoid shockloading by slowly applying the test load.10.6 After reaching the desire
36、d test load, turn on thetemperature controller and set the controller to maintain 75 62C (167 6 4F).NOTE 8Heater voltage or offset on proportional controllers should becapable of bringing stabilized temperature within the prescribed limits.10.7 When the desired test temperature is reached, simulta-n
37、eously start the timer and the drive motor, previously set to1200 6 60 rpm.10.8 After the drive motor has been on for 60 6 1 min., turnoff the heaters and drive motor and remove the ball cup andthree-ball assembly. (WarningParts may be hot at the end ofthe test. Exercise care when handling parts.)10
38、.9 Measure the wear scars on the three lower balls to anaccuracy of 6 0.01 mm by one of the following methods:10.9.1 Option AClean the grease from the ball cup assem-bly without loosening the test balls and wipe the scar area witha tissue. Leave the three balls clamped and set the ball cupassembly o
39、n the special base of the microscope that has beendesigned for this purpose.6Make two measurements on each ofthe wear scars. Take one measurement of the scar along a radialline from the center of the holder; take the second measurementalong a line that is 90 from the first measurement. Report theari
40、thmetic average of the six measurements as the scar diam-eter in millimetres.10.9.2 Option BRemove the three lower balls from theirclamped position. Wipe the scar area. Take two measurementsat 90 to each other. If a scar is elliptical, take one measurementwith the striations and the other across the
41、 striations. Take careto ensure that the line of sight is perpendicular to the surfacebeing measured. As in Option A, average the six scar readingsand report as scar diameter in millimetres.NOTE 9In Test Method D 4172, it is stated that if the average of thetwo measurements on one ball varies from t
42、he average of all six readingsby more than 0.04 mm, the user should investigate the alignment of thethree lower balls with the top ball.11. Precision and Bias11.1 The precision of this test is not known to have beenobtained in accordance with currently accepted guidelines (forexample, Practice D 630
43、0).4,811.2 The precision of this test method as determined bystatistical examination of interlaboratory results is as follows:11.2.1 The difference between two test results, obtained bythe same operator with the same apparatus under constantoperating conditions on identical test material, would in t
44、helong run, in the normal and correct operation of the testmethod, exceed the following value only in one case in twenty:0.20 mm11.2.2 The difference between two single and independentresults obtained by different operators working in differentlaboratories on identical test material would, in the lo
45、ng run, inthe normal and correct operation of the test method, exceed thefollowing value only in one case in twenty:0.37 mm11.3 BiasThe procedure in this test method for measuringwear preventing characteristics of lubricating grease has nobias because the value of wear preventing characteristics can
46、only be defined in terms of a test method.12. Keywords12.1 four-ball; grease; wearASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the v
47、alidity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your c
48、omments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments ha
49、ve not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).8The following equipment, as listed in the submitted res
