1、Designation: C 688 00 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Specification forFunctional Additions for Use in Hydraulic Cements1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 688; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers methods to investigate theeffectiveness of a material to beneficially change the propert
3、iesof hydraulic cements when the material is interground with theclinker during manufacture of the cement.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.3 The effect of additions in cement may markedly changeproperties other than those they are intended to modify. Thisspecific
4、ation is designed to test for such changes. Table 1 setsforth values for those properties of cement pastes and mortarsthat would permit a judgment of the changes effected by anaddition. Likewise, Table 2 sets forth similar criteria forconcrete. Certain additions may be found effective for morethan o
5、ne purpose as indicated in 3.1.4 and 3.1.5.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 39/C 39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cy-lindrical Concrete SpecimensC78 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (UsingSimple Beam with Third-Point Loading)C 109/C 109M Test Method for Compressiv
6、e Strength ofHydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm CubeSpecimens)C 143/C 143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic Ce-ment ConcreteC 150 Specification for Portland CementC 151 Test Method for Autoclave Expansion of HydraulicCementC 157/C 157M Test Method for Length Change of Hard-ened Hydraul
7、ic Cement, Mortar, and ConcreteC 187 Test Method for Normal Consistency of HydraulicCementC 219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic CementC 226 Specification for Air-Entraining Additions for Use inthe Manufacture of Air-Entraining Hydraulic CementC 232 Test Method for Bleeding of ConcreteC 234 Test Me
8、thod for Comparing Concretes on the Basisof the Bond Developed with Reinforcing Steel3C 266 Test Method for Time of Setting of Hydraulic-Cement Paste by Gillmore NeedlesC 403/C 403M Test Method for Time of Setting of ConcreteMixtures by Penetration ResistanceC 451 Test Method for Early Stiffening of
9、 Hydraulic Ce-ment (Paste Method)C 465 Specification for Processing Additions for Use in theManufacture of Hydraulic CementsC 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC 596 Test Method for Drying Shrinkage of Mortar Con-taining Hydraulic CementC 666 Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to Ra
10、pidFreezing and ThawingC 845 Specification for Expansive Hydraulic CementC 1157M Performance Specification for Blended HydraulicCement3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 accelerating additiona functional addition that ac-celerates the setting or early strength, or both, of concrete andmortar.3.1.2 r
11、etarding additiona functional addition that retardsthe setting of concrete and mortar.3.1.3 set-control additiona functional addition composedessentially of calcium sulfate in any hydration state fromCaSO4to CaSO42H2O.3.1.4 water-reducing additiona functional addition usedto reduce the quantity of m
12、ixing water required to produceconcrete and mortar of a given consistency.3.1.5 water-reducing and accelerating additiona func-tional addition that reduces the quantity of mixing waterrequired to produce concrete of a given consistency and that1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Co
13、mmittee C01 onCement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.20 on Additions.Current edition approved July 1, 2005. Published August 2005. Originallyapproved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as C 688 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org,
14、 orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.acce
15、lerates the setting or early strength development, or both,of concrete and mortar.3.1.6 water-reducing and retarding additiona functionaladdition that reduces the quantity of mixing water required toproduce concrete and mortar of a given consistency andsimultaneously retards the setting of concrete
16、and mortar.NOTE 1This section is intended to provide a specification that may beapplied to calcium sulfates as defined in Terminology C 219.NOTE 2It should be realized that some calcium sulfates, particularlysome byproduct calcium sulfates, have produced cements with undesiredset behavior after stor
17、age.4. Ordering Information4.1 The purchaser shall specify the type of functionaladdition desired.5. Materials5.1 CementsThe cements used in the evaluation of theaddition shall be as described in Section 4.1 of SpecificationC 465 with the following exceptions:5.1.1 At least one of the Type I cements
18、 shall contain notless than 9 percent tricalcium aluminate (C3A).5.1.2 Disregard the last sentence of Section 3.1.6 of Speci-fication C 465 and substitute the following: “ Each controlcement shall comply with all the requirements in the specifi-cation (C 150, C 595, C 845, and C 1157M) applicable to
19、 thattype of cement. The method shall be adequate for the qualita-tive and quantitative determination of the addition in thefinished cement, and shall be fully described in the report of thetests on the addition.”5.2 AggregatesThe aggregates used in the evaluation ofthe addition shall be in accordan
20、ce with the Aggregates portionof the Materials section of Specification C 465, using propor-tions specified in Concrete Mixtures section of that specifica-tion.6. General Requirements General Requirements6.1 The cement, mortar, and concrete in which each of theadditions is used shall conform to the
21、respective requirementsprescribed in Table 1 and Table 2, except that if the test cementfails to meet the requirements of Table 1, but possesses all therequirements listed in Table 2, then the requirements of Table2 shall govern approval of the addition.6.2 The trade name, source, and character of t
22、he materialshall be specified and the means for the quantitative determi-nation of the proposed addition in the finished cement, shall befurnished by the manufacturer or seller of the addition, and theresults of such pertinent quantitative analysis shall form a partof the record of tests of the addi
23、tion.TABLE 1 Criteria for Evaluating Neat Cement and Mortar Containing Functional Cement AdditionsTestsType of AdditionWater Reducing Retarding AcceleratingWater-Reducingand RetardingWater-Reducing andAcceleratingSet-ControlNormal consistency, deviation from control,percentage pointsA1.0 min +1.0 ma
24、x +1.0 max 1.0 min 1.0 mm 61.0 maxStandard consistency (flow) deviation fromcontrol, percentage pointsA4.0 min +2.0 max +2.0 max 4.0 min 4.0 min 62.0 maxSetting time, (Gillmore) deviation from control,h:minInitialAt least . 1:00 laterB1:00 laterB.Not more than 1:00 earlier 3:30 later 1:30 earlier 3:
25、30 later 1:30 earlier 1:00 earliernor nor nor nor1:30 later 1:30 later 1:30 later 1:30 laterSetting time, Vicat InitialCAt least . 0:50 laterB. . .Not more than 0:50 earlier 2:50 later 1:15 earlier 0:50 laterB1:15 earlier 0:50 earliernor nor nor nor1:15 later 1:15 later 2:50 later 1:15 later 1:15 la
26、terFinalNot more than 1:00 earlier 3:30 later 1:00 earlier 3:30 later 1:00 earlier 1:00 earliernor nor nor nor1:30 later 1:30 later 1:30 later 1:30 laterCompressive strength, min, percent of control:D1 day in moist air 110 90 125E90 125F1 day in moist air, 2 days in water 110 90 125E100 1251 day in
27、moist air, 6 days in water 110 90 100 110 1101 day in moist air, 27 days in water 110 95 95 110 110Autoclave Expansionmax increase in % change in length comparedto control0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10Drying Shrinkage of Mortarmax % change in length compared to control 0.020 0.020 0.030 0.020 0.020 0
28、.020AThe minus sign indicates that the percentage of water required shall be less than that of the control cement by at least the indicated percentage points.BOr 50 % later, whichever is the lesser.CEither Vicat or the Gillmore time of setting method shall be used at the choice of the manufacturer.D
29、The compressive strength of mortar containing the test cement shall be not less than 95 % of that attained at any previous test age. The objective of this limit is torequire that the strength of mortar containing the addition under test shall not decrease with age.EIn cases where the accelerated set
30、 time only is required, the strength can be reduced to 100 % of the control.FThe grand average of the 1, 3, 7, and 28-day strengths shall be not less than 95 % of the grand average for the corresponding control cement.C 688 00 (2005)26.3 At the request of the purchaser of an addition for aspecific f
31、unctional purpose, the manufacturer shall state inwriting the content of any substance which is known to orbelieved to impair other desirable properties of the cement orconcrete.6.4 The additions shall be evaluated by comparing cementscontaining the “test addition” to cements ground from similarclin
32、kers from the same source. Those cements without testadditions are referred to in this specification as “controlcements.”6.4.1 Special Provisions for Set-Control Additions Con-forming to 3.1.3:6.4.1.1 The additions shall be evaluated by comparingcements containing the “test addition” to control ceme
33、ntsground from similar clinkers from the same source and underthe same grinding conditions with the mill temperatures beingwithin 6 3 C (5 F) of the same value. The control cementsshall be produced with calcium sulfate at any hydration statehaving a past record of satisfactory usage as an addition f
34、orportland cement.6.4.1.2 Each test cement shall contain sufficient test additionCaSO4to produce a sulfur trioxide (SO3) content that differs byno more than 0.24 percentage points from that of the controlcement. The SO3shall be expressed as a percentage of the massof the cement and reported to the n
35、earest 0.01 %.6.4.1.3 The test cements containing the additions shallconform to the requirements of 8.1 and Table 1. The cementsneed not be tested in concrete according to the requirements of8.2 and Table 2.6.5 The amount of addition to be interground with thecement for evaluation purposes shall be
36、such as to produce thedesired effects as listed in Table 1. When these tests showcompliance with the requirements of this specification, theaddition shall be used only in amounts up to the maximumTABLE 2 Criteria for Evaluating Concrete Containing Functional Cement AdditionsATestsType of AdditionWat
37、er Reducing Retarding AcceleratingWater-Reducingand RetardingWater-Reducingand AcceleratingWater content, max, percent of control 95 . . 95 95Time of setting, (penetration) deviation fromcontrol, h:min:InitialAt least . 1:00 laterB1:00 laterBNot more than 1:00 earlier 3:30 later 3:30 earlier 3:30 la
38、ter 3:30 earliernorFinal 1:00 laterNot more than 1:00 earlier 3:30 later . 3:30 later .nor1:30 laterCompressive strength, min, percent ofcontrol:C1 dayD110 85 125E100 1253 days 110 85 125E100 1257 days 110 90 100 110 11028 days 110 90 95 110 1103 months 100 90 95 100 1001 year 100 90 95 100 100Flexu
39、ral strength, min, percent ofcontrol:C1 dayD100 85 110 90 1103 days 100 85 110 100 1107 days 100 90 100 100 10028 days 100 90 90 100 1003 months 100 90 90 100 1001 year 100 90 90 100 100Bond strength, percent of control:28 days 100 90 100 100 100Volume change, expressed as change inlength, max, incr
40、ease over control,percentage points:28 days 0.010 0.010 0.030 0.010 0.0103 months 0.010 0.010 0.030 0.010 0.0101 year 0.010 0.010 0.030 0.010 0.010Durability factor, min, percent of controlF80 80 80 80 80AThe values in the table are intended to allow for normal variation in test results. For example
41、, the object of the 90 % compressive strength requirement for a retardingaddition is to require a level of performance comparable to that of the reference concrete.BOr 50 % later, whichever is the lesser.CThe compressive and flexural strength of the concrete containing the addition under test at any
42、 test age shall be not less than 90 % of that attained at any previoustest age. The objective of this limit is to require that the compressive or flexural strength of the concrete containing the addition under test shall not decrease with age.DOne-day strengths applicable only to Type III cement. On
43、e-year strength tests shall be made; however, the addition may be approved after completion of the 3-monthstrength results, at the discretion of the purchaser.EIn cases where the accelerated set time only is required, the strength can be reduced to 100 % of the control.FThis requirement is applicabl
44、e only when the addition is to be used in air-entrained concrete.C 688 00 (2005)3amount tested in any one of the five cements used in theevaluation. For a cement requiring more than the establishedamount, a separate compliance test on this one cement can bemade which will then establish the new maxi
45、mum amountwhich can be used.6.6 The cement produced with the functional additionsshown in Section 3 shall comply with the specification for therespective cement and the ordinarily determined properties ofcement paste, mortar, or concrete made with the cementcontaining the test addition shall not dif
46、fer from these sameproperties of the cement paste, mortar, or concrete made withthe control cement as indicated by the standard tests, except asprovided in Table 1 and Table 2.6.7 Generally, the addition rates required for functionalpurposes are several times greater than those needed forprocessing
47、purposes and the resultant increase in flowability, orlubricity, from these increased addition rates may cause suffi-cient reduction in mill retention time to affect significantly theparticle size distribution of the treated cement. The testaddition may, in instances where the full-scale tests haves
48、hown reduced mill retention time to be significant, be deter-mined for acceptance purposes by making supplementarylaboratory or pilot batch mill grinds.6.8 Furthermore, the effect of the addition on the propertiesof the cement, mortar, or concrete shall be within the limits ofSection 8 and Table 1 a
49、nd Table 2. In the event tests areconducted by making laboratory or pilot batch mill tests, thisfact shall be entered in the report as specified in Section 9, andthe specific tests shall be indicated.6.9 After it has been documented once by the test resultsthat a specific trade name and source of an addition have metthe requirements of this specification, further tests shall bewaived for subsequent shipments of the same product. Eachshipment, however, shall be identified as to trade name, source,and date of shipment, and shall be essentially identical tonature
