1、Designation: D 2276 06Designation: 216/97An American National StandardStandard Test Method forParticulate Contaminant in Aviation Fuel by Line Sampling1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2276; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scop
3、e*1.1 This test method covers the determination of particulatecontaminant in aviation turbine fuel using a field monitor.1.2 There are two test methods described. The basic testmethod is used to evaluate the level of contamination gravi-metrically. The second test method, presented inAppendix X1,des
4、cribes a color rating technique that is used for rapidqualitative assessment of changes in contamination level with-out the time delay required for the gravimetric determinationsby stringent laboratory procedures.1.3 There are two Annexes and two Appendixes in this testmethod.1.3.1 Annex A1 provides
5、 some precautionary informationregarding the use of the required reagents.1.3.2 Annex A2 describes a standard practice for obtaininga sample of the particulates present in a flowing stream ofaviation turbine fuel.1.3.3 Appendix X1 describes a test method for rating theparticulate level in an aviatio
6、n turbine fuel on the basis of thecolor of a filter membrane after sampling the fuel in the field.1.3.4 Appendix X2 provides some safety precautions toavoid static discharge resulting from the accumulation ofelectrical charges in the fuel and on the equipment whilefollowing the procedures.1.4 The va
7、lues stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate
8、safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell Sys-temD 1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine FuelsD 2244 Practi
9、ce for Calculation of Color Tolerances andColor Differences from Instrumentally Measured ColorCoordinatesD 4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of StaticElectricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD 5452 Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Avia-tion Fuels by Laboratory FiltrationD 6615 Specif
10、ication for Jet B Wide-Cut Aviation TurbineFuel3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 membrane color, na visual rating of particulate on afilter membrane against ASTM Color Standards.3.1.2 membrane filter, na porous article of closely con-trolled pore size through which a liquid is passed to separatema
11、tter in suspension.3.1.2.1 DiscussionRR: D02-10123contains informationon membrane filters that meet the requirements therein.3.1.3 monitor, nsomething that reminds or warns.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct respons
12、ibility of SubcommitteeD02.J0.05 on Fuel Cleanliness.This test method has been approved by the sponsoring committees and acceptedby the Cooperating Societies in accordance with established procedures.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published January 2007. Originallyapproved in 1964. Last prev
13、ious edition approved in 2005 as D 227605.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Supporting data (a
14、nd a list of suppliers who have provided data indicating theirmembranes, field monitors, and field monitor castings) have been filed at ASTMInternational Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1012.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copy
15、right ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.3.1 DiscussionA plastic holder for a membrane filterheld in a field sampling apparatus.3.1.4 particulate, adjof or relating to minute separateparticles.3.1.4.1 DiscussionSolids generally
16、 composed of oxides,silicates, and fuel insoluble salts.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 volatile fuels, nrelatively wide boiling range volatiledistillate.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThese are identified as Jet B in Speci-fication D 6615 or the military grade known as JP-4.4. Summary o
17、f Test Method4.1 Aknown volume of fuel is filtered through a preweighedtest membrane filter in a field monitor and the increase inmembrane filter mass determined after washing and drying.The change in mass of a control membrane filter locatedimmediately below the test membrane filter is also determi
18、ned.The objective of using a control membrane is to assess whetherthe fuel itself influences the weight of a membrane. Theparticulate contaminant is determined from the increase inmass of the test membrane filter relative to the controlmembrane filter.4.2 This test method employs a field monitor to
19、filter asample of fuel that is taken in the field by the samplingprocedure detailed in Annex A2.4.3 For situations where it is not possible to take a fieldmonitor sample, procedures are given in Test Method D 5452for the determination of particulate contaminant in a fuelsample by laboratory filtrati
20、on.4.4 Appendix X1 describes a method for color-rating usedfilter membranes.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a gravimetric measurement ofthe particulate matter present in a sample of aviation turbinefuel by line sampling. The objective is to minimize thesecontaminants to avoid fi
21、lter plugging and other operationalproblems. Although tolerable levels of particulate contami-nants have not yet been established for all points in fueldistribution systems, the total contaminant measurement isnormally of most interest. The Appendix X1 color ratingmethod is useful for fuel system mo
22、nitoring purposes. Noquantitative relationship exists between gravimetric and colorrating test results.6. Apparatus6.1 Analytical Balance, single- or double-pan, the precisionstandard deviation of which must be 0.07 mg or better.6.2 Oven, of the static type (without fan-assisted air circu-lation), c
23、ontrollable to 90 6 5C.6.3 Petri Dishes, approximately 125 mm in diameter withremovable glass supports for membrane filters.6.4 Forceps, flat-bladed with unserrated, non-pointed tips.6.5 Vacuum System.6.6 Test Membrane Filters,4,3plain, 37-mm diameter,nominal pore size 0.8 m (see Note 1).6.7 Control
24、 Membrane Filters,4,337-mm diameter, nominalpore size 0.8 m. (Gridded control membrane filters may beused for purpose of identification.)NOTE 1Matched weight membrane filters,437-mm diameter, nominalpore size 0.8 m, may be used as test and control membrane filters if sodesired. Use of matched-weight
25、 membrane filters precludes the necessityfor carrying out subsequently the procedures detailed in Section 8.6.8 Dispenser for Flushing Fluid, 0.45-m membrane filtersto be provided in the delivery line (see Fig. 1). Alternatively,flushing fluid that has been pre-filtered through a 0.45 mmembrane befo
26、re delivery to the dispenser flask is acceptable.6.9 Field Monitors,4complete with protective plugs and34-mm support pads.6.10 Air Ionizer, for the balance case (see Note 2 and Note3).NOTE 2When using a solid-pan balance, the air ionizer may beomitted provided that, when weighing a membrane filter,
27、it is placed onthe pan so that no part protrudes over the edge of the pan.NOTE 3Air ionizers should be replaced within 1 year of manufacture.6.11 Multimeter/VOM, used for determining whether elec-trical continuity is 10 V or less between 2 points.6.12 Field Monitor Flushing Apparatus, of the type sh
28、ownin Fig. 2. It consists of a receiving flask large enough to containthe flushing fluid and shall be equipped with a side arm toconnect to the vacuum system. Reagent resistant tubing shallbe arranged to allow passage of a grounding wire.An assemblyof reagent grade resistant tubing and bung fitted w
29、ith a glasstube shall be assembled as shown in Fig. 2 to attach to a fieldmonitor.4All available membrane filters are not suitable for this application. Apparatusconsidered for this application shall be checked by the user for suitability inaccordance with the requirements of RR:D02-1012, 1994 revis
30、ion.FIG. 1 Apparatus for Filtering and Dispensing Flushing FluidD22760626.13 Ground/Bond Wire, Nos. 10 through 19, (0.912 to 2.59mm) bare stranded flexible stainless steel or copper installed inthe flask and grounded as shown in Fig. 2.7. Reagents7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall b
31、eused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,where such specifications are available.5Other grades may beused, provided it is first ascertained that the re
32、agent is ofsufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening theaccuracy of the determination.7.2 Purity of Water Unless otherwise indicated referencesto water shall be understood to mean reagent water as definedby Type III of Specification D 1193.7.3 Isopropyl Alcohol, reagent grade. (Wa
33、rningFlammable. See A1.1.)7.4 Liquid Detergent, water-soluble.7.5 Flushing Fluids:7.5.1 Petroleum Spirit (also known as petroleum ether or IPPetroleum Spirit 40/60) ( WarningExtremely flammable.Harmful if inhaled. Vapors are easily ignited by electrostaticdischarges, causing flash fire. See A1.2.),
34、having boiling rangefrom 35 to 60C.8. Preparation of Test and Control Membrane Filtersand Field Monitors Prior to Sampling8.1 Two 37-mm membrane filters of nominal pore size 0.8m are required: a test and a control membrane filter. Matched-weight membrane filters may be used if so desired (see Note 1
35、).If matched-weight membrane filters are used, it is unnecessaryto carry out the procedures detailed in this section because theyhave been carried out previously by the membrane filtersupplier. The two membrane filters used for each individualtest should be identified by marking the petri dishes use
36、d ascontainers. Glassware used in preparation of membrane filtersshall be cleaned as described in Section 10.8.1.1 Using forceps, place the test and control membranefilters side by side in a clean petri dish. To facilitate handlingthe membrane filters should rest on clean glass support rods inthe pe
37、tri dish.8.1.2 Place the petri dish with its lid slightly ajar, in an ovenat 90 6 5C and leave it for 30 min.8.1.3 Remove the petri dish from the oven and place it nearthe balance. The petri dish cover should be ajar but stillprotecting the membrane filters from contamination from theatmosphere. All
38、ow 30 min for the membrane filters to come toequilibrium with the ambient air temperature and humidity.8.1.4 Remove the control membrane filter from the petridish with forceps, handling by the edge only, and place itcentrally on the weighing pan.Weigh it and return it to the petridish.8.1.5 Repeat 8
39、.1.4 for the test membrane filter. Record themembrane filter masses.8.1.6 Take a clean field monitor, mark for identification,rinse with filtered flushing fluid, and insert a clean support pad.8.1.7 Using clean forceps, place the weighed control mem-brane filter centrally on the support pad in the f
40、ield monitor andplace the weighed test membrane filter on top of the controlmembrane filter. Assemble the two parts of the field monitor,ensuring that the membrane filters are firmly clamped insideand the protective plugs are in position.8.1.8 Record the monitor identification.9. Sampling and Testin
41、g Procedure9.1 When possible, 3.785 L (1 gal) to 5 L (1.321 gal) of fuelshould be passed through the monitor during field sampling.The sample volume actually employed shall be reported.(WarningJet A, combustible. Vapor harmful. See A1.3.)(WarningJet B, extremely flammable. Harmful if inhaled.Vapors
42、may cause flash fire. See A1.4.)9.2 See Annex A2 for specific details of sampling practicesthat shall be followed.10. Preparation of Flushing Apparatus10.1 Fig. 2 shows the recommended configuration of theflushing apparatus. Alternative apparatus may be used, pro-vided that it achieves the same end.
43、10.1.1 Wash the petri dishes and supports with warm watercontaining detergent. Then rinse with warm water and finallywith distilled water.10.1.2 Rinse thoroughly with filtered isopropyl alcohol.10.1.3 Rinse thoroughly with filtered flushing fluid.10.1.4 Drain for a few seconds, and then air or oven
44、dry.10.2 Ensure that all glass and plastic tubing attached to thesolvent filtering dispenser is clean by flushing thoroughly withfiltered flushing fluid.11. Flushing and Weighing Procedure11.1 Upon receipt of the field monitor in the laboratory,assemble the apparatus shown in Fig. 2 with the field m
45、onitorin place on the stopper of the vacuum flask.5Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications , AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Po
46、ole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.FIG. 2 Field Monitor Flushing ApparatusD2276063NOTE 4Take care to ensure that monitors are tightly closed andpreferably clamped. Spring paper clips have been found su
47、itable for thispurpose.11.2 Place the tip of the delivery spout of the solventfiltering dispenser in direct contact with the monitor inlet hole.Introduce filtered flushing fluid.11.3 Apply vacuum to the flask and allow approximately250 mL of filtered flushing fluid to pass from the flushing fluiddis
48、penser through the monitor and into the vacuum flask.11.4 Remove the flushing fluid dispenser and slowly releasethe vacuum.11.5 Remove the monitor from the stopper of the vacuumflask and carefully dismantle it in an upright position.11.6 Carefully remove the test and control membrane filters,and pla
49、ce side by side on clean glass supports in a clean,covered petri dish.NOTE 5The test and control membrane filters can be removed fromthe monitor by pushing upwards against the support pad through the outletorifice with a thin dowel.11.7 Dry and reweigh the membrane filters as described in8.1.2-8.1.5, taking care not to disturb the contaminant on thesurface of the test membrane filter.12. Calculation and Report12.1 Subtract the initial mass of the test membrane filter,W1, from the final mass, W2.12.2 Subtract the initial mass of the control membrane filter,
