1、Designation: D228/D228M 09 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Test Methods forSampling, Testing, and Analysis of Asphalt Roll Roofing,Cap Sheets, and Shingles Used in Roofing andWaterproofing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D228/D228M; the number immediately following the designation indi
2、cates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sa
3、mpling,examination, physical testing, and analyses of asphalt-containing materials used in roofing and waterproofing. Thesematerials include but are not limited to roll roofing, cap sheets,and shingles.Any of these materials are allowed to be partiallyor fully coated, surfaced, or laminated, or a co
4、mbinationthereof.1.2 The test methods and procedures in this standard appearin the following order:Section Content6 Types of Roofing7 Sampling8 Mass and Area Determination9 Selection of Representative Specimens10 Moisture11 Pliability12 Mass Loss and Behavior on Heating13 Tear Strength14 Fastener Pu
5、ll-Through Resistance15 Preparation and Selection of Small Test Specimensfor Analyses16 Analysis of Glass Felt Products17 Analysis of Roofing Products with Organic Felts18 Ash of Desaturated Felt19 Calculation20 Adjusting Back Coating Fine Mineral Matter andBack Surfacing21 Report22 Precision and Bi
6、as1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewit
7、h the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
8、2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD146 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Bitumen-Saturated Felts and Woven Fabrics for Roofing andWaterproofingD225 Specification for Asphalt Shingles (Organic Felt) Su
9、r-faced With Mineral Granules (Withdrawn 2012)3D1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and WaterproofingD1922 Test Method for Propagation Tear Resistance ofPlastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum MethodD2178 Specification for Asphalt Glass Felt Used in Roofingand WaterproofingD2626 Specification fo
10、r Asphalt-Saturated and Coated Or-ganic Felt Base Sheet Used in RoofingD3462 Specification for Asphalt Shingles Made from GlassFelt and Surfaced with Mineral GranulesD3909 Specification for Asphalt Roll Roofing (Glass Felt)Surfaced With Mineral GranulesD4601 Specification for Asphalt-Coated Glass Fi
11、ber BaseSheet Used in RoofingD4897 Specification forAsphalt-Coated Glass-Fiber VentingBase Sheet Used in RoofingD4932 Test Method for Fastener Rupture and Tear Resis-tance of Roofing and Waterproofing Sheets, Roll Roofing,and ShinglesD6380 Specification forAsphalt Roll Roofing (Organic Felt)F1667 Sp
12、ecification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes, andStaples1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 onRoofing and Waterproofing and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD08.02 on Steep Roofing Products and Assemblies.Current edition approved May 1, 2014. Published
13、 May 2014. Originallyapproved in 1925. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D228/D228M 092.DOI: 10.1520/D0228_D0228M-09R14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informatio
14、n, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1
15、 For definitions of terms used in these test methods, seeTerminology D1079.3.1.2 As referenced in 15.1, “Materials of Uniform Compo-sition” designates products that are manufactured to be thesame thickness, ply count, and mass per unit area in all areasof the material. This would include traditional
16、 mineral surfacedrolls, “3 Tab” shingles, and other shingles that have areas ofmaterial removed for appearance purposes (cut-outs) but therest of the shingle is of uniform composition. See Fig. 1, Type1 or Type 2.3.1.3 As referenced in 15.2, “Materials of NonuniformComposition” designates products t
17、hat are intentionally manu-factured to have different thickness or mass per unit area withindifferent areas of the product. Examples of materials ofnonuniform composition are selvage edge rolls and overlaid orembossed shingles (where not all of the product has the samethickness). See Fig. 1, Type 3.
18、3.1.4 As referenced in 15.4, “Materials of Multiple LayerComposition” designates products that are fabricated in mul-tiple layers. See Fig. 1, Type 4.3.1.5 As referenced in these test methods, “Machine Direc-tion” (indicated as MD) is the direction running the longdimension of a roll product (before
19、 samples or specimens arecut) or the long dimension of a shingle, unless otherwiseknown and agreed to between supplier and purchaser. “CrossDirection” (indicated as CD) designates the direction perpen-dicular to the MD.3.1.6 A production lot is defined as all material producedwithin one production s
20、hift of the same type, composition, andcolor (where applicable). A delivery lot is defined as aNOTE 1Not to scale.NOTE 2Type 3 has been illustrated without asphalt coating or fine mineral surfacing on the reverse side. It is not prohibited to fabricate this productwith asphalt coating or fine materi
21、al surfacing on the reverse side.FIG. 1 Types of Asphalt-Coated Roll Roofing and ShinglesD228/D228M 09 (2014)2shipment or fraction thereof representing a product of the sametype, composition, and color (where applicable).4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods include procedures for sampling,e
22、xamination, physical testing, and analyses of asphalt rollroofing, cap sheets, and shingles used in roofing and water-proofing. Other components of these materials are allowed toinclude, but are not limited to, felts, mats, films, foils, mineralstabilizers, papers, and mineral surfacing.4.2 These te
23、st methods include tests that are not required byevery product standard that references Test Methods D228/D228M. The individual product standards are the authority forwhich tests are required for compliance. It is not prohibited torun tests in addition to those required in the product standards,but
24、these test methods make no claim to their suitability orsignificance.4.3 Five random samples are required from lots equal to orless than 1000 packages. The number of samples required forlots greater than 1000 packages is dependent on the variation inthe unit mass within the lot and is determined by
25、the two-stepsampling plan in 7.4.4.4 The results of a visual examination, physical testing, andcompositional analysis are required for each sample. Theanalytical data are further used to compute the probableminimum and the probable range for the average mass of eachof the components.5. Materials5.1
26、Filter PaperThe extractions for analysis of glass feltproducts (Section 16) and analysis of roofing products withorganic felt (Section 17) require the use of filter paper with aparticle retention of 2.7 m (see Note 1), This filter paper isdried for 60 min 6 10 % in an 80C 176F oven and storeduntil n
27、eeded in a desiccator.NOTE 1Whitman No. 50 filter paper 185 mm has been foundsatisfactory for this use.6. Types of Roofing6.1 Asphalt-coated roll roofing and shingles are divided intothe following types for the purposes of these test methods (seeFig. 1).6.1.1 Type 1A single thickness of glass felt,
28、coated withasphalt and mineral surfacing such as in Specifications D2178,D3462, D3909, D4601, and D4897. The backing material(designated “Fine Mineral Surfacing” in Fig. 1) shall bepermitted to be any suitable material that prevents theseproducts from sticking together while packaged.6.1.2 Type 2A s
29、ingle thickness of asphalt-saturated feltcoated with asphalt and mineral surfacing such as in Specifi-cations D225, D2626, and D6380, Class M. The backingmaterial (designated “Fine Mineral Surfacing” in Fig. 1) shallbe permitted to be any suitable material that prevents theseproducts from sticking t
30、ogether while packaged.6.1.3 Type 3Similar to Type 2, but asphalt coated andsurfaced with mineral granules for part of one side of thesaturated felt such as in Specification D6380, Class WS. Thistype also includes products similar to Type 1 or Type 2 thathave overlay or embossed areas. This does not
31、 include prod-ucts that are fabricated in multiple layers.6.1.4 Type 4This material is comprised of multiple layersbonded with a suitable adhesive, typically a bituminous mate-rial. Evaluation of the nature of the adhesive or quality of thebond, or both, is outside the scope of this test method. Fig
32、. 1illustrates a typical configuration for Type 4. This “Type”description is provided to aid the user in understanding how tomatch a given product composition and assembly to itscorresponding Type. It is not intended to limit or excludeproducts with similar, but not identical constructions. Ex-ample
33、s of known variations, which shall not be prohibitedinclude (but are not limited to):6.1.4.1 Materials using other adhesives,6.1.4.2 Materials fabricated with more than two layers,6.1.4.3 Materials that use different relative proportions forthe layers, and6.1.4.4 Materials with other core compositio
34、ns7. Sampling7.1 The rolls or packages selected in accordance with thissection constitute the representative sample used in Sections 8and 9.7.2 Select five rolls or packages from the lot at random. Donot select any material that shows visual indications of damagefrom shipping or handling. Determine
35、the average net mass ing/m2lb/100 ft2 and the standard deviation in accordance with8.1 8.8.7.3 If the lot is 1000 or fewer rolls or packages, proceed toSection 8. If the lot is 1001 or greater in number, follow thesecond part of the sampling plan in 7.4.7.4 Calculate the required number of samples b
36、ased on thestandard deviation (s) of the preliminary sampling by:n 5t2s2d2(1)where:n = total number of samples required (n 5 more rolls orpackages must be selected at random as samples),t = test statistic for number of samples in the preliminarytest series for 4 and a 95 % confidence that thecalcula
37、ted average mass will not exceed d (t = 2.776),andd = 100 g/m22 lb/100 ft2 (the mean mass obtained fromthe analysis should be within 6100 g/m2of the truevalue, with 95 % confidence).7.5 See Fig. 2.8. As Received Mass and Area Determinations, All Typesof Roofing8.1 Gross MassDetermine and record the
38、mass of eachrepresentative sample to the nearest 0.1 kg 0.2 lb.8.2 Net MassDisassemble each package or unroll eachroll of the representative sample; shake off any loose surfacingand determine and record the net mass of all the shingles or theD228/D228M 09 (2014)3entire roll to the nearest 0.1 kg 0.2
39、 lb. Where a productstandard requires it, the loose surfacing is to be collected andthe mass determined.8.3 Packaging and Fixture MassDetermine and record themass to the nearest 0.1 kg 0.2 lb of the packaging and allassociated fixtures shipped with each roll or package of therepresentative sample, s
40、uch as nails and adhesive.8.4 Dimensions of Roll ProductsMeasure and record thelength and width of each roll of roofing and the selvage widthto the nearest 3 mm 18 in.8.5 Shingle Count and DimensionsFrom each of therepresentative sample packages generated in Section 7, countand record the number of
41、shingles in each package. Select oneshingle randomly from each package. Measure the width,length, and cutout dimensions for each of these selectedshingles to the nearest 1 mm 132 in. Calculate and record theaverage for each of these measurements.8.6 Calculate the area of the roofing and the net mass
42、 perunit area of the roofing. Report the net mass per unit area ing/m2lb/100 ft2 for each representative sample (withoutpackaging, cut outs or loose surfacing).8.7 Calculate and record the average net mass per unit areafor the combined representative samples (without packaging,cut outs, or loose sur
43、facing) in g/m2lb/100 ft2.8.8 Calculate and record the estimate of the standard devia-tion by:s 5(X2n 2 12(X!2nn 2 1!(2)where:s = an unbiased estimate of the standard deviation,X2= the sum of the squares of the individual massdeterminations,(X)2= the square of the sum of the individual massdetermina
44、tions, andn = the number of rolls or packages in the representa-tive sample.8.9 Calculate the 95 % confidence interval for the averagemass by:(Xn6ts=n(3)where:X = sum of the individual mass determinations, andt = appropriate t statistic for 95 % confidence and n 1dF(t = 2.776 for n = 5; consult stan
45、dard reference tablefor other values of n).9. Selection of Representative Specimens, All RoofingTypes9.1 Several product standards reference sampling as desig-nated in Test Methods D228/D228M for tests that are notspecifically covered by Test Methods D228/D228M. Unlessotherwise specified in these te
46、st methods, the large specimensand small test specimens shall all be selected from therepresentative sample (roll or package selected in Section 7)that has the individual net mass per unit area closest to theaverage net mass per unit area for the combined representativesamples as determined in Secti
47、on 8. If more than one roll orIn Section 7, initial “Representative Samples” are selected (typically five per lot). These are full bundles or rolls. These are the samples used in Section 8.In Section 9, one large “Specimen” is taken from each representative sample (full shingles from 8.5 or a portio
48、n of each roll selected in Section 7). These are confirmedto be within 1.5 % of the mass per area (from 8.6) for the corresponding representative sample.In Section 10 (where product standards require measurement of water content per Test Method D95), 50-g small test specimens are taken from each “La
49、rge Specimen”for determination of water.In Section 11, five MD and five CD small test specimens are cut from one of the “Large Specimens” for evaluation of pliability.In Section 12, two small test specimens are cut from one of the “Large Specimens” for evaluation of behavior on heating.In Section 15, small test specimens (three for glass felt, four for organic felt) are cut from each of the “Large Specimens” for analysis by Section 16 (for glass felt) orby Section 17 (for organic felt).FIG. 2 Sample Selection Summary and Flow
