1、Designation: D 378 00 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Test Methods forRubber (Elastomeric) Belting, Flat Type1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 378; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods (and references) cover the proce-dures for evaluating the physical properties of flat conveyorbelting. Per
3、formance criteria for belting will not be detailedhere, but can be found through the RMA (Rubber Manufactur-ers Association) Conveyor and Elevator Belt Handbook, ANSI(American National Standards Institute), various governmentalauthorities, and the International Organization for Standardiza-tion (ISO
4、). Belting for conveying and elevating materialsgenerally is designated and defined as follows:1.1.1 Heavy Duty ConveyorA heavy duty belt is definedas belting designed for bulk haulage of materials, such as stone,crushed rock, sand, metals ores, coal, wood chips, etc., and hasa carcass strength (des
5、ign) substantial enough to withstandconveyor system tensions of 160 PIW2(pounds per inch ofwidth) and above.1.1.2 Light Duty ConveyorA light duty belt is defined asbelting designed for conveying a variety of lower weight(density) materials, packages, industrial and electronic goods,and food products
6、. These belts often are shorter in length andwidth, with less overall thickness than heavy duty belting, andare generally used in conveyor systems with tensions less than160 PIW.1.1.3 General DescriptionBelting can have elastomericcoverings on one side, both sides, or neither side dependingupon the
7、specific application requirements. Belt coverings arecomprised of various synthetic or natural rubber polymers,PVC, or other elastomeric materials, dependent upon applica-tion or customer requirements. The strength (load bearing)member(s) of most belting generally is a woven or interwovencarcass of
8、synthetic or natural fibers, such as, but not limited to,polyester, nylon, polyaramide and cotton, as well as steel(cable/cord type or woven mesh).1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of theapplication specific testing available or safety concerns, if any,associated with its use. It is
9、the responsibility of the user of thisstandard to establish appropriate safety and health practicesand determine the applicability of regulatory limitations priorto use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-plastic ElastomersTensionD 413 Test
10、Methods for Rubber PropertyAdhesion toFlexible SubstrateD 471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD 573 Test Method for RubberDeterioration in an AirOvenD 624 Test Method for Tear Strength of ConventionalVulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic ElastomersD 865 Test Method for RubberDeteriorat
11、ion by Heatingin Air (Test Tube Enclosure)D 1149 Test Methods for Rubber DeteriorationCrackingin an Ozone Controlled EnvironmentD 1415 Test Method for Rubber PropertyInternationalHardnessD 1630 Test Method for Rubber PropertyAbrasion Resis-tance (Footwear Abrader)D 1894 Test Method for Static and Ki
12、netic Coefficients ofFriction of Plastic Film and SheetingD 2228 Test Method for Rubber PropertyRelative Abra-sion Resistance by Pico Abrader MethodD 2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometerHardnessD 3183 Practice for RubberPreparation of Product Piecesfor Test Purposes from ProductsD 3389 Test
13、 Method for Coated Fabrics Abrasion Resis-tance (Rotary Platform Abrader)D 3767 Practice for RubberMeasurement of DimensionsD 4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test MethodStandards in the Rubber and Carbon Black ManufacturingIndustries1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM C
14、ommittee D11 onRubber and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.31 on Rubber Hoseand Belting.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2008. Published February 2008. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 378 00.2PIW is not an SI unit.3For referenced ASTM standard
15、s, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1
16、9428-2959, United States.D 5963 Test Method for Rubber PropertyAbrasion Resis-tance (Rotary Drum Abrader)2.2 ISO Standards:4ISO 282 Conveyor BeltsSamplingISO 283 Conveyor BeltsFull Thickness Tensile Strengthand ElongationSpecifications and Method of TestISO 284 Conveyor BeltsElectrical ConductivityS
17、pecification and Method of TestISO 340 Conveyor BeltsFlame RetardationSpecifications and Test MethodISO 471 RubberTemperatures, Humidities and Times forConditioning and TestingISO 505 Conveyor BeltsTear Propagation Resistance ofthe CarcassMethod of TestISO 4649 RubberDetermination of Abrasion Resist
18、anceUsing a Rotating Cylindrical Drum DeviceISO 7590 Steel Cord Conveyor BeltsCover ThicknessMeasurementISO 76221 Steel Cord Conveyor BeltsLongitudinalTraction TestPart 1: Measurement of ElongationISO 76222 Steel Cord Conveyor BeltsLongitudinalTraction TestPart 2: Measurement of Tensile StrengthISO
19、7623 Steel Cord Conveyor BeltsCord-to-CoatingBond TestInitial Test and After Thermal TreatmentISO 8094 Steel Cord Conveyor BeltsAdhesion StrengthTest of the Cover to the Core LayerISO 9856 Conveyor BeltsDetermination of ElasticModulus2.3 RMA Technical Bulletins and Test Methods:5IP-1 Conveyor and El
20、evator Belt Handbook2.4 U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA):630 CFR 18.65 Flame testing of Conveyor Belting and Hose2.5 Deutsches Institut fur Normung e.V. (DIN):7DIN 53516 Testing of Rubber and Elastomers; Determina-tion of Abrasion Resistance3. Summary of Test Methods3.1 ASTM test me
21、thods are specified to the extent that theycan be applied to testing of flat belts.3.2 Some of the test methods specified for flat belts arespecific to flat belts only and do not appear in any other ASTMstandard; however, some of these may involve use of ASTMtest methods.3.3 The test methods include
22、 the following:Test Methods SectionMeasurement of Dimensions 8Physical Properties of Elastomeric Covers 9Immersion Tests 10Adhesion Tests 11Breaking Strength and Modulus Testing 12Flame Test for Belting 13Carcass Tear Test 14Troughability Test 15Breaking Strength of Mechanical Fastenings (Static Tes
23、t Method) 16Elevator Belt Bolt Holding Strength Test 17Steel Cord/Cable Belt Testing 184. Significance and Use4.1 Flat conveyor belts are used in many industrial applica-tions in which they are subjected to a great variety of stressesand conditions. Service conditions can be calculated or mea-sured.
24、 Design levels and test requirements are established bymanufacturers, or end-users, or both. The tests (test methods)are used to measure the characteristics of conveyor belting asthey relate to service conditions.4.2 The tests outlined by these test methods are commonlyapplied by belt manufacturers
25、to control the quality of theirproducts.4.3 Research and product development activities in flatbelting involve extensive testing as outlined by these testmethods.4.4 In case of conflict between the provisions of these testmethods and those of detailed specifications or test methods fora particular b
26、elt, the latter shall take precedence.4.5 In case of conflict between the provisions of these testmethods and those of detailed specifications or test methods fora particular belt, the latter shall take precedence.5. Sampling5.1 Test samples shall be the full width and thickness of thebelt and shall
27、 be of sufficient length and width to perform thedesired tests.5.2 The level or number of samples required from each belt(or lot) shall be sufficient to cover the primary characteristic(s)being tested. Adhesion, overall thickness, hardness, and coverthickness testing usually requires a sample from e
28、ach end ofthe belt or lot as a minimum. Reference ISO 282 for interna-tional sampling requirements.6. Number of Tests6.1 When minimum requirements are established, onespecimen shall be tested for each physical characteristicrequired in the detailed specifications for a particular belt.6.2 If minimum
29、 requirements are not established, a medianof the values for three specimens shall be taken as thecharacteristics of the piece, except that under referee condi-tions the mean value for five specimens shall be used.6.3 When doing immersion and aging tests it is necessary totest three specimens both b
30、efore and after immersion or agingto determine a percentage change.7. Test Conditions7.1 Unless otherwise specified, conditioning and testingshall be carried out at a temperature of 23 6 2C (73.4 63.6F) and 50 65 % RH. Unless otherwise specified (for otherthan quality control), sample specimens shal
31、l be conditionedfor at least three days at the standard conditions. Any and alltest temperatures and conditions are reported.7.2 For time between manufacture and test unless otherwisespecified (for other than quality control), test pieces shall be cutor prepared at least five days after the belt is
32、manufactured.4Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13thFloor, New York, NY 10036.5Available from the Rubber Manufacturers Association, 1400 K St. N.W., Suite900, Washington D.C. 20005, (202) 682-4800, www.rma.org.6Available from Mine Safety then, strip the elasto-mer
33、ic cover from one surface and measure the thickness of thecarcass, including the remaining cover. The difference betweenthe first and second measurements will represent the thicknessof the cover removed. Follow the same procedure on the testspecimen from which the first cover has been removed whenth
34、e thickness of the other cover is required. The test specimenmay consist of a small section cut from the belt. In many cases,especially with PVC or TPE (thermoplastic elastomer) beltingof interwoven (solid woven) carcass construction, the coverscannot be removed without distorting the sample. Buffin
35、g, toremove thermoplastic cover(s) from the specimen, may benecessary. In other cases, a hand-held micrometer or opticalmicrometer is used to measure the thickness of the compo-nents.8.5 Thickness of Cover When a Breaker Is UsedThethickness of the cover shall include the breaker, unless other-wise s
36、pecified.9. Physical Properties Of Elastomeric Covers Or BeltSurfaces (Or Both)ScopeA number of specific test procedures for determin-ing a variety of physical properties of conveyor belt covermaterial are detailed in this section. These tests are extensiveand are referenced to established test proc
37、edures; primarilyexisting ASTM and ISO standards. It is beyond the scope andnecessity of this section to detail every procedure in its entirety.This section is intended to serve as a guide for the testing ofthese materials. The routine tests (and references) for tensile,elongation, hardness, tear re
38、sistance, and accelerated aging arecovered through Section 9.6. More specific tests (references)for other properties, such as coefficient of friction, abrasionresistance, ozone deterioration, and static conductivity arecovered through Sections 9.7-9.10, respectively.9.1 ApparatusThe dies, bench mark
39、er, stamp, pad, mi-crometer, testing machine, testing machine grips, and calibra-tion of the testing machine shall conform to Test MethodsD 412.9.2 Test Specimens:9.2.1 Preparation of Cover PiecesSeparate the coversfrom the carcass according to Practice D 3183. Buff the coversif necessary to obtain
40、smooth parallel surfaces. If possible,cover pieces should be about 150 mm (6 in.) long, at least 25mm (1 in.) wide, and 2.0 60.2 mm (0.08 60.008 in.) thick. Inno case shall the thickness exceed 3 mm (0.12 in.) or be lessthan 1 mm (0.04 in.). A meat slicer or commercial skiving toolcan be used to rem
41、ove adequate sample specimens from thebelt cover. If cover pieces cannot be obtained from the belt,molded sheets prepared from the same unvulcanized rubbercompound with an equivalent state of vulcanization may berequested from the belt manufacturer.9.2.2 Preparation of Test SpecimenThe test specimen
42、shall be stamped out from the separated cover with a steel dieconforming to A, B, or C of Fig. 1 of Test Methods D 412. DieB shall be used when the size of the sample and the tension andstretch limits of the testing machine permit, with exceptions asexplained below. If the tension limit is too low f
43、or the machine,Die A shall be used. If the stretch limit is too high for themachine, Die C shall be used. Die C shall be used for samplesthat are too small for Die A or B.9.2.3 MarkingDumbbell specimens shall be marked withthe prescribed stamp pad and either of the prescribed benchmarkers described
44、in Test Methods D 412. Aged or immerseddumbbell specimens shall be marked after oven aging orimmersion testing.9.3 ProcedureUse the procedure for tensile testing, mea-suring and recording in accordance with Test Methods D 412.Measure and record the elongation to the nearest 10 % of theoriginal dista
45、nce between bench (reference) marks.9.3.1 Calculations:9.3.2 Tensile StrengthThe tensile strength (stress) is theapplied force relative to the original cross-sectional area. It iscalculated by dividing the force in N (lbf) by the cross-sectional area of the unstressed specimen in square meters(in.2)
46、 and is expressed in MPa or psi.9.3.3 ElongationThe elongation (strain) is the extensionbetween bench (reference) marks, produced by a tensile forceapplied to a specimen, relative to the original distance betweenthe marks. It is calculated by dividing the distance extendedbeyond the original distanc
47、e by the original distance and ismultiplied by 100 to get percent.9.4 Cover HardnessRefer to either Test Method D 1415or D 2240 for procedures and calculation. The values should beexpressed in International Hardness or Durometer Hardnessunits.9.5 Cover Tear TestTesting is conducted per Test MethodD
48、624. Results are expressed in units of pounds per inch(thickness), ppi, or kilo Newtons per meter, kN/m. The typedie, B, C, or trouser test method shall be included in the testreport. Preparation of the samples is accomplished as describedin 9.2.1.D 378 00 (2008)39.6 Procedure For Physical Propertie
49、s Of Elastomeric Cov-ers After Heat AgingProceed in accordance with either TestMethod D 573 or D 865.9.7 Coeffcients Of Friction, Static And KineticTestMethod D 1894 is used to determine relative values for thesesurface properties.9.8 Abrasion ResistanceTest methods used and referredto most frequently in the conveyor belt industry are PICO (TestMethod D 2228), TABOR (Test Method D 3389), NBS (TestMethod D 1630), DIN 53516, ISO 4649, and Test MethodD 5963.9.9 Ozone ResistanceThe effect of exposure to ozone isdetermined by Test Me
