1、Designation: D378 10Standard Test Methods forRubber (Elastomeric) Conveyor Belting, Flat Type1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D378; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A nu
2、mber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods (and references) cover the proce-dures for evaluating the physical properties of flat conveyorbelting. Performance cri
3、teria for belting will not be detailedhere, but can be found through the RMA (Rubber Manufactur-ers Association) Conveyor and Elevator Belt Handbook, ANSI(American National Standards Institute), various governmentalauthorities, and the International Organization for Standardiza-tion (ISO). Belting f
4、or conveying and elevating materialsgenerally is designated and defined as follows:1.1.1 Heavy Duty ConveyorA heavy duty belt is definedas belting designed for bulk haulage of materials, such as stone,crushed rock, sand, metals ores, coal, wood chips, etc., and hasa carcass strength (design) substan
5、tial enough to withstandconveyor system tensions of 160 PIW2(pounds per inch ofwidth) and above.1.1.2 Light Duty ConveyorA light duty belt is defined asbelting designed for conveying a variety of lower weight(density) materials, packages, industrial and electronic goods,and food products. These belt
6、s often are shorter in length andwidth, with less overall thickness than heavy duty belting, andare generally used in conveyor systems with tensions less than160 PIW.1.1.3 General DescriptionBelting can have elastomericcoverings on one side, both sides, or neither side dependingupon the specific app
7、lication requirements. Belt coverings arecomprised of various synthetic or natural rubber polymers,PVC, or other elastomeric materials, dependent upon applica-tion or customer requirements. The strength (load bearing)member(s) of most belting generally is a woven or interwovencarcass of synthetic or
8、 natural fibers, such as, but not limited to,polyester, nylon, polyaramide and cotton, as well as steel(cable/cord type or woven mesh).1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of theapplication specific testing available or safety concerns, if any,associated with its use. It is the responsi
9、bility of the user of thisstandard to establish appropriate safety and health practicesand determine the applicability of regulatory limitations priorto use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-plastic ElastomersTensionD413 Test Methods for Ru
10、bber PropertyAdhesion toFlexible SubstrateD471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD573 Test Method for RubberDeterioration in an AirOvenD624 Test Method for Tear Strength of Conventional Vul-canized Rubber and Thermoplastic ElastomersD865 Test Method for RubberDeterioration by Heating i
11、nAir (Test Tube Enclosure)D1149 Test Methods for Rubber DeteriorationCrackingin an Ozone Controlled EnvironmentD1415 Test Method for Rubber PropertyInternationalHardnessD1894 Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients ofFriction of Plastic Film and SheetingD2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyD
12、urometerHardnessD3183 Practice for RubberPreparation of Pieces for TestPurposes from ProductsD3767 Practice for RubberMeasurement of DimensionsD4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test MethodStandards in the Rubber and Carbon Black ManufacturingIndustriesD5963 Test Method for Rubber PropertyA
13、brasion Resis-tance (Rotary Drum Abrader)2.2 ISO Standards:4ISO 282 Conveyor BeltsSamplingISO 283 Textile Conveyor BeltsFull Thickness TensileStrength, Elongation at Break and Elongation at the1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11 onRubber and are the direct responsibi
14、lity of Subcommittee D11.31 on Rubber Hoseand Belting.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published November 2010. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D378 00 (2008).DOI: 10.1520/D0378-10.2PIW is not an SI unit.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM websi
15、te, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:
16、/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Reference LoadTest MethodISO 284 Conveyor BeltsElectrical ConductivitySpecification and Test MethodISO 340 Conveyor BeltsLaboratory Scale FlammabilityCharacteristicsRequir
17、ements and Test MethodISO 505 Conveyor BeltsMethod for the Determination ofthe Tear Propagation Resistance of Textile Conveyor BeltsISO 4649 RubberDetermination of Abrasion ResistanceUsing a Rotating Cylindrical Drum DeviceISO 7590 Steel Cord Conveyor BeltsMethods for theDetermination of Total Thick
18、ness and Cover ThicknessISO 76221 Steel Cord Conveyor BeltsLongitudinalTraction TestPart 1: Measurement of ElongationISO 76222 Steel Cord Conveyor BeltsLongitudinalTraction TestPart 2: Measurement of Tensile StrengthISO 7623 Steel Cord Conveyor BeltsCord-to-CoatingBond TestInitial Test and After The
19、rmal TreatmentISO 8094 Steel Cord Conveyor BeltsAdhesion StrengthTest of the Cover to the Core LayerISO 9856 Conveyor BeltsDetermination of Elastic andPermanent Elongation and Calculation of Elastic Modulus2.3 RMA Technical Bulletins and Test Methods:5RMA IP-1 Conveyor and Elevator Belt Handbook2.4
20、U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA):630 CFR 14 Requirements for the Approval of Flame-Resistant Conveyor Belts30 CFR 18.65 Flame Test of Hose3. Summary of Test Methods3.1 ASTM test methods are specified to the extent that theycan be applied to testing of flat belts.3.2 Some of the test
21、 methods specified for flat belts arespecific to flat belts only and do not appear in any other ASTMstandard; however, some of these may involve use of ASTMtest methods.3.3 The test methods include the following:Test Methods SectionMeasurement of Dimensions 8Physical Properties of Elastomeric Covers
22、 9Immersion Tests 10Adhesion Tests 11Breaking Strength and Modulus Testing 12Flame Test for Belting 13Carcass Tear Test 14Troughability Test 15Breaking Strength of Mechanical Fastenings (Static Test Method) 16Elevator Belt Bolt Holding Strength Test 17Steel Cord/Cable Belt Testing 184. Significance
23、and Use4.1 Flat conveyor belts are used in many industrial applica-tions in which they are subjected to a great variety of stressesand conditions. Service conditions can be calculated or mea-sured. Design levels and test requirements are established bymanufacturers, or end-users, or both. The tests
24、(test methods)are used to measure the characteristics of conveyor belting asthey relate to service conditions.4.2 The tests outlined by these test methods are commonlyapplied by belt manufacturers to control the quality of theirproducts.4.3 Research and product development activities in flatbelting
25、involve extensive testing as outlined by these testmethods.4.4 In case of conflict between the provisions of these testmethods and those of detailed specifications or test methods fora particular belt, the latter shall take precedence.4.5 In case of conflict between the provisions of these testmetho
26、ds and those of detailed specifications or test methods fora particular belt, the latter shall take precedence.5. Sampling5.1 Test samples shall be the full width and thickness of thebelt and shall be of sufficient length and width to perform thedesired tests.5.2 The level or number of samples requi
27、red from each belt(or lot) shall be sufficient to cover the primary characteristic(s)being tested. Adhesion, overall thickness, hardness, and coverthickness testing usually requires a sample from each end ofthe belt or lot as a minimum. Reference ISO 282 for interna-tional sampling requirements.6. N
28、umber of Tests6.1 When minimum requirements are established, onespecimen shall be tested for each physical characteristicrequired in the detailed specifications for a particular belt.6.2 If minimum requirements are not established, a medianof the values for three specimens shall be taken as thechara
29、cteristics of the piece, except that under referee condi-tions the mean value for five specimens shall be used.6.3 When doing immersion and aging tests it is necessary totest three specimens both before and after immersion or agingto determine a percentage change.7. Test Conditions7.1 Unless otherwi
30、se specified, conditioning and testingshall be carried out at a temperature of 23 6 2C (73.4 63.6F) and 50 65 % RH. Unless otherwise specified (for otherthan quality control), sample specimens shall be conditionedfor at least three days at the standard conditions. Any and alltest temperatures and co
31、nditions are reported.7.2 For time between manufacture and test unless otherwisespecified (for other than quality control), test pieces shall be cutor prepared at least five days after the belt is manufactured.8. Measurement of Dimensions8.1 WidthDetermine the width using a steel rule or tapegraduat
32、ed in millimeters (or sixteenths of an inch) in conform-ance with Method C of Practice D3767. Record the width(length) in millimeters (or inches) to the nearest 1 mm (0.04in.).8.2 Belt LengthBelt length is determined using a cali-brated wheel meter or calibrated tape rule. Length should bemeasured o
33、n a line parallel to the sides of the belt. Record thelength in meters or feet.8.3 Total Belt ThicknessThe thickness of a full width beltsample is determined as a mean average of measurements5Available from the Rubber Manufacturers Association, 1400 K St. N.W., Suite900, Washington D.C. 20005, www.r
34、ma.org.6Available from Mine Safety then, strip the elasto-meric cover from one surface and measure the thickness of thecarcass, including the remaining cover. The difference betweenthe first and second measurements will represent the thicknessof the cover removed. Follow the same procedure on the te
35、stspecimen from which the first cover has been removed whenthe thickness of the other cover is required. The test specimenmay consist of a small section cut from the belt. In many cases,especially with PVC or TPE (thermoplastic elastomer) beltingof interwoven (solid woven) carcass construction, the
36、coverscannot be removed without distorting the sample. Buffing, toremove thermoplastic cover(s) from the specimen, may benecessary. In other cases, a hand-held micrometer or opticalmicrometer is used to measure the thickness of the compo-nents.8.5 Thickness of Cover When a Breaker Is UsedThethicknes
37、s of the cover shall include the breaker, unless other-wise specified.9. Physical Properties Of Elastomeric Covers Or BeltSurfaces (Or Both)ScopeA number of specific test procedures for determin-ing a variety of physical properties of conveyor belt covermaterial are detailed in this section. These t
38、ests are extensiveand are referenced to established test procedures; primarilyexisting ASTM and ISO standards. It is beyond the scope andnecessity of this section to detail every procedure in its entirety.This section is intended to serve as a guide for the testing ofthese materials. The routine tes
39、ts (and references) for tensile,elongation, hardness, tear resistance, and accelerated aging arecovered through Section 9.6. More specific tests (references)for other properties, such as coefficient of friction, abrasionresistance, ozone deterioration, and static conductivity arecovered through Sect
40、ions 9.7-9.10, respectively.9.1 ApparatusThe dies, bench marker, stamp, pad, mi-crometer, testing machine, testing machine grips, and calibra-tion of the testing machine shall conform to Test MethodsD412.9.2 Test Specimens:9.2.1 Preparation of Cover PiecesSeparate the coversfrom the carcass accordin
41、g to Practice D3183. Buff the coversif necessary to obtain smooth parallel surfaces. If possible,cover pieces should be about 150 mm (6 in.) long, at least 25mm (1 in.) wide, and 2.0 60.2 mm (0.08 60.008 in.) thick. Inno case shall the thickness exceed 3 mm (0.12 in.) or be lessthan 1 mm (0.04 in.).
42、 A meat slicer or commercial skiving toolcan be used to remove adequate sample specimens from thebelt cover. If cover pieces cannot be obtained from the belt,molded sheets prepared from the same unvulcanized rubbercompound with an equivalent state of vulcanization may berequested from the belt manuf
43、acturer.9.2.2 Preparation of Test SpecimenThe test specimenshall be stamped out from the separated cover with a steel dieconforming to A, B, or C of Fig. 1 of Test Methods D412. DieB shall be used when the size of the sample and the tension andstretch limits of the testing machine permit, with excep
44、tions asexplained below. If the tension limit is too low for the machine,Die A shall be used. If the stretch limit is too high for themachine, Die C shall be used. Die C shall be used for samplesthat are too small for Die A or B.9.2.3 MarkingDumbbell specimens shall be marked withthe prescribed stam
45、p pad and either of the prescribed benchmarkers described in Test Methods D412. Aged or immerseddumbbell specimens shall be marked after oven aging orimmersion testing.9.3 ProcedureUse the procedure for tensile testing, mea-suring and recording in accordance with Test Methods D412.Measure and record
46、 the elongation to the nearest 10 % of theoriginal distance between bench (reference) marks.9.3.1 Calculations:9.3.2 Tensile StrengthThe tensile strength (stress) is theapplied force relative to the original cross-sectional area. It iscalculated by dividing the force in N (lbf) by the cross-sectiona
47、l area of the unstressed specimen in square meters(in.2) and is expressed in MPa or psi.9.3.3 ElongationThe elongation (strain) is the extensionbetween bench (reference) marks, produced by a tensile forceapplied to a specimen, relative to the original distance betweenthe marks. It is calculated by d
48、ividing the distance extendedbeyond the original distance by the original distance and ismultiplied by 100 to get percent.9.4 Cover HardnessRefer to either Test Method D1415 orD2240 for procedures and calculation. The values should beexpressed in International Hardness or Durometer Hardnessunits.9.5
49、 Cover Tear TestTesting is conducted per Test MethodD624. Results are expressed in units of pounds per inch(thickness), ppi, or kilo Newtons per meter, kN/m. The typedie, B, C, or trouser test method shall be included in the testreport. Preparation of the samples is accomplished as describedin 9.2.1.9.6 Procedure For Physical Properties Of Elastomeric Cov-ers After Heat AgingProceed in accordance with either TestMethod D573 or D865.9.7 Coeffcients Of Friction, Static And KineticTestMethod D1894 is used to determine relative values
