1、Designation: D388 12D388 15Standard Classification ofCoals by Rank1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D388; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicat
2、es the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard covers the classification of coals by rank, that is, according to their degree of metamorphism, or progressivealteration, in the natural series from l
3、ignite to anthracite.1.2 This classification is applicable to coals that are composed mainly of vitrinite.NOTE 1Coals rich in inertinite or liptinite (exinite), or both, cannot be properly classified because, in those macerals, the properties that determinerank (calorific value, volatile matter, and
4、 agglomerating character) differ greatly from those of vitrinite in the same coal. Often such coals can berecognized by megascopic examination. In NorthAmerica, these coals are mostly nonbanded varieties that contain only a small proportion of vitrain andconsist mainly of attrital materials. The deg
5、ree of metamorphism of nonbanded and other vitrinite-poor coals can be estimated by determining theclassification properties of isolated or concentrated vitrinite fractions, or by determining the reflectance of the vitrinite (see Test Method D2798 andAppendix X1 of this classification). However, in
6、the use of these vitrinite-poor coals, some properties normally associated with rank, such as rheology,combustibility, hardness, and grindability (as well as the rank determining properties) may differ substantially from those of vitrinite-rich coals of the samedegree of metamorphism.The precision o
7、f the classification of impure coal may be impaired by the effect of large amounts of mineral matter on thedetermination of volatile matter and calorific value, and on their calculation to the mineral-matter-free basis.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units
8、of measurement are included in this standard.1.3.1 ExceptionThe values stated in British thermal units per pound are to be regarded as the standard. The SI equivalents ofBritish thermal units per pound are approximate.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D121 Terminology of Coal and CokeD720 T
9、est Method for Free-Swelling Index of CoalD1412 Test Method for Equilibrium Moisture of Coal at 96 to 97 Percent Relative Humidity and 30CD1757 Test Method for Sulfate Sulfur in Ash from Coal and Coke (Withdrawn 2009)3D2013 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for AnalysisD2234/D2234M Practice for Co
10、llection of a Gross Sample of CoalD2798 Test Method for Microscopical Determination of the Vitrinite Reflectance of CoalD3172 Practice for Proximate Analysis of Coal and CokeD3173 Test Method for Moisture in the Analysis Sample of Coal and CokeD3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal
11、 and Coke from CoalD3175 Test Method for Volatile Matter in the Analysis Sample of Coal and CokeD3177 Test Methods for Total Sulfur in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke (Withdrawn 2012)3D3302 Test Method for Total Moisture in CoalD4239 Test Method for Sulfur in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Cok
12、e Using High-Temperature Tube Furnace CombustionD4596 Practice for Collection of Channel Samples of Coal in a MineD5016 Test Method for Total Sulfur in Coal and Coke Combustion Residues Using a High-Temperature Tube FurnaceCombustion Method with Infrared AbsorptionD5192 Practice for Collection of Co
13、al Samples from Core1 This classification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal and Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.18 on Classification ofCoals.Current edition approved March 15, 2012May 15, 2015. Published March 2012 June 2015. Originally approved in 193
14、4. Last previous edition approved in 20052012 asD388 05.D388 12. DOI: 10.1520/D0388-12.10.1520/D0388-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards
15、 Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, A
16、STM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D5865
17、 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and Coke3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For additional definitions of terms used in this classification, refer to Terminology D121.3.1.2 agglomerating, adjas applied to coal, the property of softening when it is heated to above about 400C in a nonox
18、idizingatmosphere, and then appearing as a coherent mass after cooling to room temperature.3.1.3 apparent rank, nof coal, the rank designation obtained on samples other than channel samples or core samples with100 % recovery, but otherwise conforming to procedures of Classification D388.3.1.4 coal s
19、eam, nthe stratum, layer, or bed of coal that lies between two other rock layers whose compositions differsignificantly from that of coal.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 Where it is desired to abbreviate the designation of the ranks of coal, the following abbreviations shall be usedmameta-anthraciteananthra
20、citesasemianthracitelvblow volatile bituminousmvbmedium volatile bituminoushvAbhigh volatile A bituminoushvBbhigh volatile B bituminoushvCbhigh volatile C bituminoushvCbhigh volatile C bituminoussubAsubbituminous AsubAsubbituminous AsubBsubbituminous BsubCsubbituminous CligAlignite AligAlignite Alig
21、Blignite B4. Significance and Use4.1 This classification establishes categories of coal based on gradational properties that depend principally on the degree ofmetamorphism to which the coal was subjected while buried. These categories indicate ranges of physical and chemicalcharacteristics that are
22、 useful in making broad estimates of the behavior of coal in mining, preparation, and use.5. Basis of Classification5.1 Classification is according to fixed carbon and gross calorific value (expressed in British thermal units per pound) calculatedto the mineral-matter-free basis. The higher-rank coa
23、ls are classified according to fixed carbon on the dry basis; the lower-rankcoals are classified according to gross calorific value on the moist basis. Agglomerating character is used to differentiate betweencertain adjacent groups.6. Classification by Rank6.1 Fixed Carbon and Gross Calorific ValueC
24、oals shall be classified by rank in accordance with Table 1. Classify coals havinggross calorific values of 14 000 Btu/lb or more on the moist, mineral-matter-free basis, and coals having fixed carbon of 69 % ormore on the dry, mineral-matter-free basis, according to fixed carbon on the dry, mineral
25、-matter-free basis. Classify coals havinggross calorific values less than 14 000 Btu/lb on the moist, mineral-matter-free basis according to gross calorific value on the moist,mineral-matter-free basis, provided the fixed carbon on the dry, mineral-matter-free basis is less than 69 %.6.2 Agglomerati
26、ng CharacterClassify coals having 86 % or more fixed carbon on the dry, mineral-matter-free basis, ifagglomerating, in the low volatile group of the bituminous class. Classify coals having gross calorific values in the range from10 500 to 11 500 Btu/lb on the moist, mineral-matter-free basis accordi
27、ng to their agglomerating character (Table 1).6.3 Supplemental InformationA correlation of the ranking property, volatile matter (100fixed carbon), with the mean-maximum reflectance of the vitrinite group macerals in coals tested in one laboratory over a period of several years is shown inAppendix X
28、1.7. Sampling7.1 SamplesClassify a coal seam, or part of a coal seam, in any locality based on the average analysis and gross calorific value(and agglomerating character where required) of not less than three and preferably five or more whole seam samples, either facechannels or cores, taken in diff
29、erent and uniformly distributed localities, either within the same mine or closely adjacent minesrepresenting a continuous and compact area not greater than approximately four square miles in regions of geological uniformity.D388 152In regions in which conditions indicate that the coal probably vari
30、es rapidly in short distances, the spacing of sampling points andgrouping of analyses to provide average values shall not be such that coals of obviously different rank will be used in calculatingaverage values.7.1.1 Take channel samples by excluding mineral partings more than 1 cm (38 in.) and lens
31、es or concretions (such as sulfurballs) more than 1.25 cm (12 in.) thick and 5 cm (2 in.) wide, as specified in Practice D4596.7.1.2 A drill core sample may be used provided it was collected as specified in Practice D5192 and meets the followingprovisions: core recovery is 100 % of the seam, the maj
32、or mineral partings and concretions are excluded as specified in 7.1.1, anddrilling mud is removed from the core (see also 7.1.6).7.1.3 Place all samples in metal or plastic cans with airtight lids, or heavy vapor impervious bags, properly sealed to preserveinherent moisture.7.1.4 Analyses of sample
33、s from outcrops or from weathered or oxidized coal shall not be used for classification by rank.7.1.5 In case the coal is likely to be classified on the moist basis, that is, inclusive of its natural complement of inherent moisture,take samples in a manner most likely to preserve inherent moisture f
34、or purposes of analysis. Because some of the moisture in afreshly collected sample condenses on the inside of the sample container, weigh both the container and the coal before and afterair drying, and report the total loss in weight as air-drying loss.TABLE 1 Classification of Coals by RankAClass/G
35、roupFixed Carbon Limits(Dry, Mineral-Matter-FreeBasis), %Volatile Matter Limits(Dry, Mineral-Matter-FreeBasis), %Gross Calorific Value Limits(Moist,B Mineral-Matter-Free Basis)AgglomeratingCharacterBtu/lb Mj/kgCEqual orGreaterThanLessThanGreaterThanEqual orLess ThanEqual orGreaterThanLess ThanEqual
36、orGreaterThanLess ThanAnthracitic:Meta-anthracite 98 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . JMeta-anthracite 98 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . JAnthracite 92 98 2 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . nonagglomerat-ingAnthracite 92 98 2 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . non-agglomeratingSemianthraciteD 86 92 8 14
37、 . . . . . . . . . . . .Bituminous:Low volatile bituminous coal 78 86 14 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . 6commonlyagglomeratingELow volatile bituminous coal 78 86 14 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . 6commonlyagglomeratingMedium volatile bituminous coal 69 78 22 31 . . . . . . . . . . . .High volatile A bitumin
38、ous coal . . . 69 31 . . . 14 000F . . . 32.557 . . .High volatile B bituminous coal . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 000F 14 000 30.232 32.557High volatile C bituminous coal . . . . . . . . . . . . H 11 500 13 000 26.743 30.232High volatile C bituminous coal . . . . . . . . . . . . H 11 500 13 000 26.743
39、 30.23210 500 11 500 24.418 26.743 agglomeratingSubbituminous:Subbituminous A coal . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 500 11 500 24.418 26.743 6Subbituminous A coal . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 500 11 500 24.418 26.743 6Subbituminous B coal . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 500 10 500 22.09 24.418Subbituminous C coal
40、 . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 300 9 500 19.30 22.09nonagglomeratingnon-agglomeratingLignitic:Lignite A . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 300G 8 300 14.65 19.30Lignite A . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 300 8 300 14.65 19.30Lignite B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 300 . . . 14.65A This classification does not apply t
41、o certain coals, as discussed in Section 1.B Moist refers to coal containing its natural inherent moisture but not including visible water on the surface of the coal.C Megajoules per kilogram. To convert British thermal units per pound to megajoules per kilogram, multiply by 0.0023255.D If agglomera
42、ting, classify in low volatile group of the bituminous class.E It is recognized that there may be nonagglomerating varieties in these groups of the bituminous class, and that there are notable exceptions in the high volatile Cbituminous group.F Coals having 69 % or more fixed carbon on the dry, mine
43、ral-matter-free basis shall be classified according to fixed carbon, regardless of gross calorific value.G Editorially corrected.D388 1537.1.6 If the sample is a core or if it is impossible to sample the coal without including visible surface moisture, or if there maybe other reasons to question the
44、 accuracy of inherent moisture content determinable from the sample, and the coal is likely to beclassified on the moist basis, the sampler shall include the following statement in the description: Moisture questionable. Samplesso marked shall not be used for classification on a moist basis unless b
45、rought to a standard condition of moisture equilibrium at30C in a vacuum desiccator containing a saturated solution of potassium sulfate (97 % humidity) as specified in Test MethodD1412. Analyses of such samples that have been treated in this manner shall be designated as samples equilibrated at 30C
46、 and97 % humidity.7.2 Other Types of SamplesA standard rank determination cannot be made unless samples have been obtained in accordancewith 7.1. However, the relation to standard determinations may be usefully given for other types of samples taken underunspecified conditions, providing the same st
47、andards of analysis and computation are followed. Designate these comparativeindications as apparent rank, which indicates the correct relative position for the sample analyzed but does not imply any standardsof sampling. Whenever apparent rank is stated, give additional information as to the nature
48、 of the sample.7.2.1 The apparent rank of the coal product from a mine shall be based on representative samples taken in accordance with theOrganization and Planning of Sampling Operations section (Section 7) of Practice D2234/D2234M.7.2.2 In case the coal is likely to be classed on the moist basis,
49、 take samples at the tipple or preparation plant and seal the sampleto prevent loss of moisture.8. Methods of Analysis and Testing8.1 Laboratory Sampling and AnalysisPrepare coal in accordance with Test Method D2013 and analyze it in accordance withTest Methods D3173, D3174, D3175, D3177 or D4239, D3302, and Practice D3172. Determine its gross calorific value inaccordance with Test Method D5865. Determine the sulfur trioxide (SO3) retained in the ash in accordance with Test MethodD1757 or D5016 and express the result on a dry basis. Inherent m
