1、Designation: D396 13aStandard Specification forFuel Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D396; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the yea
2、r of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oilintended for use in various types o
3、f fuel-oil-burning equipmentunder various climatic and operating conditions. These gradesare described as follows:1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, andNo. 2 S500 are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic andsmall industrial burners. Grades No. 1 S5000 and No. 1 S500are particu
4、larly adapted to vaporizing type burners or wherestorage conditions require low pour point fuel.1.1.2 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillatefuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used incommercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosityrange.1.1.3 Grades No. 5 (Light), N
5、o. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 areresidual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used inindustrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handlingand proper atomization.NOTE 1For information on the significance of the terminology andtest methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.N
6、OTE 2A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is givenin X1.3.1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agenciesin formulating specifications to be included in contracts forpurchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fueloils in the selection of the grades mos
7、t suitable for their needs.1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observanceof federal, state, or local regulations which can be morerestrictive.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.NOTE 3The generation
8、and dissipation of static electricity can createproblems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more informa-tion on the subject, see Guide D4865.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD86 Test Method for Distillation of Petrol
9、eum Products atAtmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral
10、 High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-leum Products by Copper Strip TestD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D473 Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel O
11、ilsby the Extraction MethodD482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (LampMethod)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIG
12、ravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (High-Temperature Method)D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum ProductsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescenc
13、e SpectrometryD2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in MiddleDistillate Fuels by CentrifugeD2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-troleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is t
14、he direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.Current edition approved June 15, 2013. Published July 2013. Originallyapproved in 1934. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D39613. DOI:10.1520/D0396-13A.2For referenced ASTM standards
15、, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM Internation
16、al, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup TesterD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum
17、 andPetroleum ProductsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace Contaminati
18、onD4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-tricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of
19、Fuels forVolatility MeasurementD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)D5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Tilt Method)D5985 Test M
20、ethod for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Rotational Method)D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and FuelSystemsD6749 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Air Pressure Method)D6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100)for Middle Distillate FuelsD6892
21、Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Robotic Tilt Method)D7039 Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline and Diesel Fuelby Monochromatic Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluores-cence SpectrometryD7220 Test Method for Sulfur in Automotive, Heating, andJet Fuels by Monochromatic Energy Dispersive X-r
22、ayFluorescence Spectrometry2.2 Other Documents:26 CFR Part 48 Diesel Fuel Excise Tax; Dye Color andConcentration340 CFR Part 80 Regulation of Fuel and Fuel Additives3EN 14078 Determination of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)content in middle distillates Infrared spectrometrymethod43. Terminology3.1 De
23、finitions:3.1.1 biodiesel, nfuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters oflong chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animalfats, designated B100.3.1.2 biodiesel blend (BXX), nblend of biodiesel fuel withfuel oils.3.1.2.1 DiscussionIn the abbreviation BXX, the XX rep-resents the volume percentage
24、of biodiesel fuel in the blend.4. General Requirements4.1 The grades of fuel oil specified herein shall be homo-geneous hydrocarbon based oils, free from inorganic acid, andfree from excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter.4.2 All grades containing residual components shall remainunifor
25、m in normal storage and not separate by gravity into lightand heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for thegrade.4.3 Fuels Blended with BiodieselThe detailed require-ments for fuels blended with biodiesel shall be as follows:4.3.1 Biodiesel for BlendingIf biodiesel is a component ofany f
26、uel oil, the biodiesel shall meet the requirements ofSpecification D6751.4.3.2 Fuel oil containing up to 5 vol% biodiesel shall meetthe requirements for the appropriate grade No. 1 or No. 2 fuelas listed in Table 1.4.3.3 Test Method EN 14078 shall be used for determina-tion of the vol% biodiesel in
27、a biodiesel blend.4.3.4 Fuel oils containing more than 5 vol% biodieselcomponent are not included in this specification.4.3.5 Biodiesel blends with Grades 4, 5, or 6 are not coveredby this specification.5. Detailed Requirements5.1 The various grades of fuel oil shall conform to thelimiting requireme
28、nts shown in Table 1. A representativesample shall be taken for testing in accordance with PracticeD4057.5.2 Modifications of limiting requirements to meet specialoperating conditions agreed upon between the purchaser, theseller, and the supplier shall fall within limits specified for eachgrade, exc
29、ept as stated in supplementary footnotes for Table 1.6. Sampling, Containers, and Sample Handling6.1 The reader is strongly advised to review all intended testmethods prior to sampling in order to understand the impor-tance and effects of sampling technique, proper containers, andspecial handling re
30、quired for each test method.6.2 Correct sampling procedures are critical to obtaining asample representative of the fuel oil to be tested. Refer to X1.4for recommendations. The recommended procedures or prac-tices provide techniques useful in the proper sampling orhandling of fuels oils.3Available f
31、rom U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent ofDocuments, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.4Available from the National CEN members listed on the CEN website(www.cenorm.be) or from the CEN/TC 19 Secretariat (astmnen.nl).D396 13a27. Test Methods7.1 The requirements
32、enumerated in this specification shallbe determined in accordance with the following ASTM testmethods,5except as may be required under 7.1.1.7.1.1 Flash PointTest Method D93 (Procedure A) forGrades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500,and No. 4 (Light), and Test Method D93 (Procedure B)
33、forGrades No. 4, No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6, exceptwhere other methods are prescribed by law. For Grades No. 1S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 4(Light), Test Methods D3828 may be used as an alternate withthe same limits. For Grades No. 1, No. 1 Low Sulfur, No. 2,and N
34、o. 2 Low Sulfur, Test Method D56 may be used as analternate with the same limits, provided the flash point is below93C and the viscosity is below 5.5 mm2/s at 40C. This testmethod will give slightly lower values. In cases of dispute, TestMethod D93, with the appropriate procedure, shall be used asth
35、e referee method.7.1.2 Pour PointTest Method D97. For all grades, theautomatic Test Methods D5949, D5950, D5985, D6749, andD6892 can be used as alternates with the same limits. In caseof dispute, Test Method D97 shall be used as the refereemethod. Alternative test methods that indicate flow pointpro
36、perties can be used for low sulfur residual fuels byagreement between purchaser and supplier.7.1.2.1 The maximum Pour Point limits specified in Table 1should be adequate under most circumstances for shipment anduse of Fuel Oil fromApril through September and in operationsyear round where larger stor
37、age tanks (1000 gallons) are inuse and appropriate consideration has been given to operatingconditions as described in X2.1.2.5For information on the precision of the ASTM test methods for fuel oils referto “An Evaluation of Methods for Determination of Sulfur in Fuel Oils” by A. R.Crawford, Esso Ma
38、thematics and Systems Inc. and G. V. Dyroff, Esso Research andEngineering Co., 1969. This document is available from the Publications Section,API Library,American Petroleum Institute, 1220 LSt., NW,Washington, DC 20005.TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Fuel OilsA,BProperty ASTM Test MethodCNo. 1S500
39、CNo. 1S5000CNo. 2S500CNo. 2S5000CNo. 4 (Light)CNo. 4No. 5(Light)No. 5(Heavy)No. 6Flash Point, C, min D93 Proc. AD93 Proc. B38.38.38.38.38.55.55.55.60Water and sediment, % vol, max D2709 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 . . . . .D95 + D473 . . . . (0.50)D(0.50)D(1.00)D(1.00)D(2.00)DDistillation Temperature, C D86
40、10 % volume recovered, max 215 215 . .90 % volume recovered, min . . 282 28290 % volume recovered, max 288 288 338 338Kinematic viscosity at 40C, mm2/s D445min 1.3 1.3 1.9 1.9 1.9 5.5 . . .max 2.4 2.4 4.1 4.1 5.5 24.0EKinematic viscosity at 100C, mm2/s D445min . . . . . . 5.0 9.0 15.0max . . . . . .
41、 8.9E14.9E50.0ERamsbottom carbon residue on 10 %distillation residue % mass, maxD524 0.15 0.15 0.35 0.35 . . . . .Ash, % mass, max D482 . . . . 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.15 .Sulfur, % mass maxFD2622 0.05 0.5 0.05 0.5Copper strip corrosion rating, max,3 h at a minimum controltemperature of 50CD130 No. 3 No. 3
42、 No. 3 No. 3 . . . . .Density at 15C, kg/m3D1298min . . . . 876G. . . .max 850 850 876 876 . . . . .Pour Point C, maxHD97 18 18 6 6 6 6 . .IAIt is the intent of these classifications that failure to meet any requirement of a given grade does not automatically place an oil in the next lower grade unl
43、ess in fact itmeets all requirements of the lower grade. However, to meet special operating conditions, modifications of individual limiting requirements may be agreed upon amongthe purchaser, seller, and manufacturer.BRefer to 7.1.2.1 for Low Temperature guidance for 0.1 mass% No. 1 S5000, No. 2 S5
44、000, No. 4 (Light),No. 5 (Heavy), No. 6mass%D1266 0.01 to 0.4 mass% No. 1 S500, No. 2 S500 mass%D1552 0.06 mass% No. 1 S5000, No. 2 S5000, No. 4 (Light),No. 4, No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), No. 6mass%D4294 0.0150 to 5.00 mass% All Grades mass%D5453 1.0 to 8000 mg/kg(0.0001 to 0.8 mass%)All Grades mg
45、/kgD7039 4to17mg/kg(0.0004 to 0.0017 mass%)S500 grades only if the sulfurresult is less than 17 mg/kgmg/kgD7220 3 to 942 mg/kg(0.0003 to 0.0942 mass%)S500 grades mg/kgD396 13a6than grade No. 4 without preheating. Preheating may benecessary in some types of equipment for burning and in colderclimates
46、 for handling.X1.3.6 Grade No. 5 (Heavy) is a residual fuel more viscousthan Grade No. 5 (Light) and is intended for use in similarservice. Preheating may be necessary in some types of equip-ment for burning and in colder climates for handling.X1.3.7 Grade No. 6, sometimes referred to as Bunker C, i
47、sa high-viscosity oil used mostly in commercial and industrialheating. It requires preheating in the storage tank to permitpumping, and additional preheating at the burner to permitatomizing. The extra equipment and maintenance required tohandle this fuel usually preclude its use in small installati
48、ons.X1.3.8 Residual fuel oil supplied to meet regulations requir-ing low sulfur content can differ from the grade previouslysupplied. It may be lower in viscosity (and fall into a differentgrade number). If it must be fluid at a given temperature, TestMethod D97 need not accurately reflect the pour
49、point whichcan be expected after a period of storage. It is suggested thatthe purchaser and supplier discuss the proper handling andoperating techniques for a given low-sulfur residual fuel oil inthe installation where it is to be used.X1.4 Sampling, Containers, and Sample HandlingX1.4.1 IntroductionThis appendix section provides guid-ance on methods and techniques for the proper sampling of fueloils. As fuel oil specifications become more stringent, andcontaminants and impurities become more tightly controlled,even greater care needs to be taken i
