1、Designation: D396 13bD396 13cStandard Specification forFuel Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D396; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates
2、 the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in v
3、arious types of fuel-oil-burning equipmentunder various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, and No. 2 S500 are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic and smallindustrial burners. Grades No. 1 S5000 and No. 1
4、 S500 are particularly adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storageconditions require low pour point fuel.1.1.2 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillate fuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range.1.1.3 Gra
5、des No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 are residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used inindustrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization.NOTE 1For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specifica
6、tion, see Appendix X1.NOTE 2A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given in X1.3.1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchasesof fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the s
7、election of the grades most suitable for their needs.1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
8、standard.NOTE 3The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more informationon the subject, see Guide D4865.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD86 Test Meth
9、od for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup TesterD95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and Bituminous Materials by DistillationD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD129 Test Method for Sulfur
10、 in Petroleum Products (General High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)D473 Test Method for Sed
11、iment in Crude Oils and Fuel Oils by the Extraction MethodD482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of Petroleum ProductsD975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)D1298 Test Method for D
12、ensity, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products byHydrometer Method1 This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.E0 on Burner, Diese
13、l, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2013Dec. 1, 2013. Published November 2013December 2013. Originally approved in 1934. Last previous edition approved in 2013as D39613a.13b. DOI: 10.1520/D0396-13B.10.1520/D0396-13C.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit th
14、eASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an
15、 indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to
16、 be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (High-Temperature Method)D2500 Te
17、st Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum ProductsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by CentrifugeD2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fra
18、ctions by Gas ChromatographyD3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Cup TesterD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampli
19、ng of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static
20、Electricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatility MeasurementD5854 Practice for Mixi
21、ng and Handling of Liquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)D5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Tilt Method)D5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Rotatio
22、nal Method)D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel SystemsD6749 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Air Pressure Method)D6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate FuelsD6892 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Product
23、s (Robotic Tilt Method)D7039 Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, Jet Fuel, Kerosine, Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blends, and Gasoline-EthanolBlends by Monochromatic Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger
24、Viscometer (and the Calculation of KinematicViscosity)D7094 Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continuously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) TesterD7220 Test Method for Sulfur inAutomotive, Heating, and Jet Fuels by Monochromatic Energy Dispersive X-ray FluorescenceSpectrometry2.2 Other Documents:26 CFR Par
25、t 48 Diesel Fuel Excise Tax; Dye Color and Concentration340 CFR Part 80 Regulation of Fuel and Fuel Additives3EN 14078 Determination of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content in middle distillates Infrared spectrometry method43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 biodiesel, nfuel comprised of mono-alk
26、yl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats,designated B100.3.1.2 biodiesel blend (BXX), nblend of biodiesel fuel with fuel oils.3.1.2.1 DiscussionIn the abbreviation BXX, the XX represents the volume percentage of biodiesel fuel in the blend.4. General Requirement
27、s4.1 The grades of fuel oil specified herein shall be homogeneous hydrocarbon based oils, free from inorganic acid, and free fromexcessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter.4.2 All grades containing residual components shall remain uniform in normal storage and not separate by gravity into
28、light andheavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for the grade.4.3 Fuels Blended with BiodieselThe detailed requirements for fuels blended with biodiesel shall be as follows:4.3.1 Biodiesel for BlendingIf biodiesel is a component of any fuel oil, the biodiesel shall meet the requirements o
29、fSpecification D6751.3 Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.4 Available from the National CEN members listed on the CEN website (www.cenorm.be) or from the CEN/TC 19 Secretariat (astmnen.nl).D396 13c
30、24.3.2 Fuel oil containing up to 5 vol% biodiesel shall meet the requirements for the appropriate grade No. 1 or No. 2 fuel aslisted in Table 1.4.3.3 Test Method EN 14078 shall be used for determination of the vol% biodiesel in a biodiesel blend.4.3.4 Fuel oils containing more than 5 vol% biodiesel
31、component are not included in this specification.4.3.5 Biodiesel blends with Grades 4, 5, or 6 are not covered by this specification.5. Detailed Requirements5.1 The various grades of fuel oil shall conform to the limiting requirements shown in Table 1. A representative sample shallbe taken for testi
32、ng in accordance with Practice D4057.5.2 Modifications of limiting requirements to meet special operating conditions agreed upon between the purchaser, the seller,and the supplier shall fall within limits specified for each grade, except as stated in supplementary footnotes for Table 1.6. Sampling,
33、Containers, and Sample Handling6.1 The reader is strongly advised to review all intended test methods prior to sampling in order to understand the importanceand effects of sampling technique, proper containers, and special handling required for each test method.6.2 Correct sampling procedures are cr
34、itical to obtaining a sample representative of the fuel oil to be tested. Refer to X1.4 forrecommendations. The recommended procedures or practices provide techniques useful in the proper sampling or handling of fuelsoils.TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Fuel OilsA,BProperty ASTM Test MethodC No. 1
35、S500C No. 1S5000C No. 2S500C No. 2S5000C No. 4 (Light)C No. 4 No. 5(Light) No. 5(Heavy) No. 6Flash Point, C, min D93 Proc. AD93 Proc. B38.38.38.38.38.55.55.55.60Water and sediment, % vol, max D2709 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 . . . . .D95 + D473 . . . . (0.50)D (0.50)D (1.00)D (1.00)D (2.00)DDistillation Te
36、mperature, C D8610 % volume recovered, max 215 215 . .90 % volume recovered, min . . 282 28290 % volume recovered, max 288 288 338 338Kinematic viscosity at 40C, mm2/s D445min 1.3 1.3 1.9 1.9 1.9 5.5 . . .max 2.4 2.4 4.1 4.1 5.5 24.0EKinematic viscosity at 100C, mm2/s D445min . . . . . . 5.0 9.0 15.
37、0max . . . . . . 8.9E 14.9E 50.0ERamsbottom carbon residue on 10 %distillation residue % mass, maxD524 0.15 0.15 0.35 0.35 . . . . .Ash, % mass, max D482 . . . . 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.15 .Sulfur, % mass maxF D2622 0.05 0.5 0.05 0.5Copper strip corrosion rating, max,3 h at a minimum controltemperature of
38、50CD130 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 . . . . .Density at 15C, kg/m3 D1298min . . . . 876G . . . .max 850 850 876 876 . . . . .Pour Point C, maxH D97 18 18 6 6 6 6 . . IA It is the intent of these classifications that failure to meet any requirement of a given grade does not automatically place an oil in
39、the next lower grade unless in fact itmeets all requirements of the lower grade. However, to meet special operating conditions, modifications of individual limiting requirements may be agreed upon amongthe purchaser, seller, and manufacturer.B Refer to 7.1.2.1 for Low Temperature guidance for 1000 g
40、allons) are in use andappropriate consideration has been given to operating conditions as described in X2.1.2.7.1.2.2 Table 2 lists 10th percentile ambient temperatures as guidance for smaller Fuel Oil storage conditions (0.1 mass% No. 1 S5000, No. 2 S5000, No. 4 (Light),No. 5 (Heavy), No. 6mass%D12
41、66 0.01 to 0.4 mass% No. 1 S500, No. 2 S500 mass%D1552 0.06 mass% No. 1 S5000, No. 2 S5000, No. 4 (Light),No. 4, No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), No. 6mass%D4294 0.0150 to 5.00 mass% All Grades mass%D5453 1.0 to 8000 mg/kg(0.0001 to 0.8 mass%)All Grades mg/kgD7039 4 to 17 mg/kg(0.0004 to 0.0017 mass%)S
42、500 grades only if the sulfurresult is less than 17 mg/kgmg/kgD7220 3 to 942 mg/kg(0.0003 to 0.0942 mass%)S500 grades mg/kgD396 13c6S500 may be specified by federal, state, or local regulations and can result in reduced deposits on ferrous heat exchanger surfacescompared to Grade No. 2 S5000 when bu
43、rned under similar conditions.X1.3.3 Grade No. 4 (Light) is a heavy distillate fuel or distillate/residual fuel blend meeting the specification viscosity range. Itis intended for use both in pressure-atomizing commercial-industrial burners not requiring higher cost distillates and in burnersequipped
44、 to atomize oils of higher viscosity. Its permissible viscosity range allows it to be pumped and atomized at relativelylow-storage temperatures.X1.3.4 Grade No. 4 is usually a heavy distillate/residual fuel blend but can be a heavy distillate fuel meeting the specificationviscosity range. It is inte
45、nded for use in burners equipped with devices that atomize oils of higher viscosity than domestic burnerscan handle. Its permissible viscosity range allows it to be pumped and atomized at relatively low storage temperatures. Thus, inall but extremely cold weather it requires no preheating for handli
46、ng.X1.3.5 Grade No. 5 (Light) is residual fuel of intermediate viscosity for burners capable of handling fuel more viscous than gradeNo. 4 without preheating. Preheating may be necessary in some types of equipment for burning and in colder climates for handling.X1.3.6 Grade No. 5 (Heavy) is a residu
47、al fuel more viscous than Grade No. 5 (Light) and is intended for use in similar service.Preheating may be necessary in some types of equipment for burning and in colder climates for handling.X1.3.7 Grade No. 6, sometimes referred to as Bunker C, is a high-viscosity oil used mostly in commercial and
48、 industrial heating.It requires preheating in the storage tank to permit pumping, and additional preheating at the burner to permit atomizing. The extraequipment and maintenance required to handle this fuel usually preclude its use in small installations.X1.3.8 Residual fuel oil supplied to meet reg
49、ulations requiring low sulfur content can differ from the grade previously supplied.It may be lower in viscosity (and fall into a different grade number). If it must be fluid at a given temperature, Test Method D97need not accurately reflect the pour point which can be expected after a period of storage. It is suggested that the purchaser andsupplier discuss the proper handling and operating techniques for a given low-sulfur residual fuel oil in the installation where itis to be used.X1.4 Sampling, Containers, and Sample HandlingX1.4.1 IntroductionT
