1、Designation: D440 07 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Test Method ofDrop Shatter Test for Coal1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D440; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i
2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method of drop shatter test2covers the deter-mination of the relative size stability and its complement, thefriability, of sized coal
3、. It affords a means of indicating theability of coal to withstand breakage when subjected tohandling at the mine and during transit to the consumer. Thetest method is serviceable for ascertaining the similarity ofcoals in respect to size stability and friability rather than fordetermining values wi
4、thin narrow limits in order to emphasizetheir dissimilarity. This test method is considered applicable fortesting a selected single size of different coals, for testingdifferent single sizes of the same coal, and for mixed sizes ofthe same or different coals.NOTE 1By single sizes is meant those with
5、 fixed upper and lowersieve opening limits, selected from those designated in 4.2; and by mixedsizes is meant either “slack” or a mixture of two or more single sizes.1.2 This test method appears best suited for measuring therelative resistance to breakage of the larger sizes of coal whenhandled in t
6、hin layers such as from loader to mine car, fromloading boom to railroad car, from shovel to chute, etc. Whileit may not be so well adapted for measuring the liability tobreakage of coal when handled in mass, as in unloadingopen-bottom cars, emptying bins, etc., it is believed that thetest method wi
7、ll serve also to indicate the relative size stabilityof composite sizes of coal where, in commercial handling, thesmaller sized pieces have a cushioning effect which tends tolessen the breakage of the larger pieces of coal.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units shall be regardedas the standard. M
8、ass may be expressed in metric values.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory li
9、mitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D3038 Test Method for Drop Shatter Test for CokeD4749 Test Method for Performing the Sieve Analysis ofCoal and Designating Coal SizeE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesE323 Specification for Perforated-Plat
10、e Sieves for TestingPurposes3. Significance and Use3.1 The values determined in this test method, when evalu-ated in terms of pertinent experience with other coals, may beused as indications of the extent to which coal will break inconventional transit and handling beyond the point of sam-pling.4. A
11、pparatus4.1 Shatter Test Machine, which is the same as that de-scribed and illustrated in Test Method D3038, shall consist ofa box 18 in. (457 mm) in width, 28 in. (711 mm) in length, andapproximately 15 in. (381 mm) in depth, supported above arigidly mounted cast iron or steel plate not less than12
12、 in. (12.7mm) in thickness, 38 in. (965 mm) in width, and 48 in. (1219mm) in length. The inside of the bottom of the box shall be 6ft (1.83 m) above the plate. The bottom of the box shall consistof two doors hinged lengthwise and latched so that they willswing open freely and not impede the fall of
13、the coal. Boardsabout 8 in. (200 mm) in height should be placed around theplate so that no coal is lost. To prevent the breakage of coal,which may occur while placing the sample into the box, thebox shall be constructed so that it can be lowered to a1This test method is under the jurisdiction of AST
14、M Committee D05 on Coaland Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.07 on PhysicalCharacteristics of Coal.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originallypublished in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D440 07 . DOI:10.1520/D0440-07R12.2For in
15、formation concerning the development and utilization of this drop shattertest method for coal the following references may be consulted:Smith, C. M., “An Investigation of the Friability of Different Coals,” Universityof Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 196 UIBBA (1929); “TheFri
16、ability of Illinois Coals,” University of Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station,Bulletin No. 218 UIBBA (1930).Yancey, H. F., and Zane, R. E., “Comparison of Methods for Determining theFriability of Coal,” U.S. Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigations 3215 (1933).Gilmore, R. E., Nicolls, J. H. H.
17、, and Connell, G. P., “Coal Friability Tests,”Canadian Department of Mines, Mines Branch, No. 762 (1935).3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standar
18、ds Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1convenient level; this is best done by means of a pulley andcounterweight. A convenient form of shatter test machine isshown in Fig. 1.4.2 Sie
19、vesRound-hole sieves selected from the followingsizes, 8, 6, 4, 3, 2, 112,1,34,12,14, and18 in., shall be used.These sieves shall conform to Specification E11 or Specifica-tion E323. Frames for the sieves may be of either hardwood ormetal, and may be square, rectangular, or circular. A nestcomprisin
20、g all the sieves in the series, with 2-ft (610-mm)square plates, that is, of 4-ft2(0.37-m2) area, is recommended,although plates with areas of 6 to 9 ft2(0.56 to 0.84 m2), aresuitable.5. Samples5.1 Collection of Gross SampleCollect the gross sample inaccordance with Sections 5 thru 7 of Method D4749
21、. In orderthat the entire quantity of the coal sampled will be representedproportionately in the gross sample, collect increments regu-larly and systematically. When testing coal as mined, take thesample at the mine before it is subjected to screening and toloading into cars at the tipple. When test
22、ing coals subsequent tomining, the sample may be taken at any stage in the transpor-tation from the mine to the place at which it is to be used. Forthe correct interpretation of the shatter test results, note theelapsed time since mining as well as a record of the handlingand storage of the coal.5.2
23、 Preparation of Laboratory Sample:5.2.1 Using the sieves designated in 4.2, make a preliminarysieving of a representative portion or all of the gross sampleand retain the sieved sizes separately. Sieve successive repre-sentative portions of the gross sample to obtain at least 200 lb(90 kg) of the si
24、ngle size selected for test. While the size orNOTE 11 in. = 25.4 mmFIG. 1 Shatter Test MachineD440 07 (2012)2sizes to be selected for test are optional in this method, one ormore of the sizes larger than 2 to 3 in. (50 to 75 mm) aresuggested with preference for the 4 to 6-in. (100 to 150-mm)size (No
25、te 2). In cases where difficulty is experienced insieving this quantity, the amount obtained by the preliminarysieving may be augmented from larger pieces by droppingthem in the shatter test apparatus. This procedure for obtainingfrom larger pieces an adequate quantity of a particular sizeselected f
26、or test is especially applicable to freshly mined coal.NOTE 2In the 1937 edition of this test method, the 2 to 3-in. (50 to75-mm) single size was recommended as standard for testing.5.2.2 Thoroughly mix the total quantity of the single sizeselected for test obtained as described in 5.2.1 and then re
27、sieveit to pass the upper limiting sieve opening and to be retained onthe lower. Place only a thin layer of coal on the sieve so as toallow the pieces to be in direct contact with the sieve openings.Try individual pieces of coal not passing readily through eitherof the screens by hand to determine w
28、hether they will passthrough the openings in any position without forcing.5.2.3 For slack coals and mixed sizes, carefully prepare thesample either by the process of quartering or by reassemblingthe different sizes in the proportion obtained in the preliminarysieving of the lot of coal to be tested.
29、 For slack coals in whichthe largest pieces will not be retained on a sieve with34-in.(19-mm) openings, quartering is satisfactory; while for largersized slack coals and for blends of two or more single sizes, thereassembling method is recommended. Before dropping, sievethe samples prepared by quart
30、ering on the same set of sievesselected for the dropped coal.6. Procedure6.1 Give a 50-lb (23-kg) portion of the coal sample,prepared in accordance with Section 5, two drops. Place thecoal into the box of the shatter test machine, level it, and thendrop it a distance of 6 ft (1.8 m) onto the plate.
31、Carefully returnall the coal on the plate to the box and again drop it. After thesecond drop, separate the material into sized portions using thesieves specified in 4.2. In sieving, care shall be taken to preventfurther breakage of the coal. The sieving shall be carried out insuch small increments a
32、s to permit satisfactory contact betweenthe individual pieces of coal and the sieve. On the larger sieves,down to and including the sieve with 1-in. (25.0-mm) openingsindividual pieces of coal not readily passing through the sievesshall be tried by hand to determine whether they will passthrough the
33、 openings in any position without forcing. Whenusing the sieves with34-in. (19.0-mm) openings and smaller,the coal shall come into intimate contact with the sieve eitherby shaking or rolling by hand without upending the individualpieces.6.2 Weigh the coal remaining on each sieve, and that whichpasse
34、s through the bottom sieve either separately or in acumulative manner on a scale sensitive to14 lb (100 g) or less.By the cumulative method, weigh the largest pieces into a taredcontainer and add each successive smaller size to this. Weighthe total amount after each addition.6.2.1 If the final net w
35、eight so obtained shows a loss of over1 %, reject the test and make another. In each case where theloss is less than 1%, it shall be considered as material passingthe12 in. (12.5 mm) or other bottom sieve used, and shall beincluded with this size.6.2.2 Make at least two tests to obtain size stabilit
36、y resultsagreeing within 2 %. When three or more tests are consideredadvisable and are made, all the results within a maximum tominimum limit of 3 % may be averaged.7. Calculation7.1 Determine the weight percents of the material prior toand again after the test. Calculate to the nearest 0.1 % (See6.
37、2.1 for rejection criteria and the method for handling materialloss).7.2 Multiply the appropriate weight percents by their re-spective average sieve size openings (See Table 1).7.2.1 The sum of these products before testing is designatedas S. The sum of these products after testing is designated as
38、s.7.3 The size stability is calculated as a percent by dividings by S and multiplying by 100 % (See Table 1). The friabilityTABLE 1 General Form for Reporting Data and CalculationsRound-Hole Sieves, in. (mm) Weight, %Average of SieveOpenings, in.Product of Weight Percentage and of Avg.Sieve Openings
39、Retained on Passing Before Test After Test Before Test After Test8 (.)6 (.) 8 (.) . . 7.000 . .4 (100) 6 (.) . . 5.000 . .3 (75) 4 (100) . . 3.500 . .2 (50) 3 (75) . . 2.500 . .112 (37.5) 2 (50) . . 1.750 . .1 (25.0) 112 (37.5) . . 1.250 . .34 (19.0) 1 (25.0) . . 0.875 . .12 (12.5)34 (19.0) . . 0.62
40、5 . .14 (6.3)12 (12.5) . . 0.375 . .18 (3.35)14 (6.3) . . 0.185 . .18 (3.35) . . 0.060 . .Total passing38 (9.5)Total passing14 (6.3).0.1850.125.Average size of coal before and after test (two drops), in.Total, S.Total, s.Size stability, % = (100 s)/S = .(Friability, % = 100 size stability)D440 07 (2
41、012)3is expressed as 100 % minus the size stability, that is, the sizestability and the friability sum to 100 %.7.3.1 Calculate the size stability and the friability to thenearest 0.5 %.8. Report8.1 Report the percentage weight sieve analysis to thenearest 0.1 %, and the percentage size stability to
42、 the nearest0.5 % (See 6.2.2).8.2 Numerical examples of tabulating the results and ofcalculating the size stability in percent and the friability inpercent are shown in Table 1 and Table 2. The form shown inTable 1 is general and serviceable for both single and mixedsizes. The form in Table 2, in wh
43、ich the example shown is fora 4 to 6-in. (100 to 150-mm) size, is serviceable for other singlesizes. The sieve with12-in. openings is suggested as the bottomsieve for testing single sizes, 2 to 3 in. (50 to 75 mm) andlarger. For smaller single sizes, slack coals, and mixed sizescontaining slack, two
44、 additional (bottom) sieves, with14 and18-in. (6.3 and 3.35-mm) openings, are recommended.9. Precision and Bias9.1 Data for repeatibility and reproducibility do not exist butare being determined.9.2 This is an empirical test method and no statement of biasis possible.10. Keywords10.1 breakage; coal;
45、 coal handling; drop shatter; friability;size stabilityASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent
46、rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either
47、for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hear
48、ing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard
49、may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).TABLE 2 Form and Example for Reporting Data and Calculations for a Selected Single SizeRound-Hole Sieves,in. (mm)Weight Re-corded, lb (kg)Weight,%(1)Average of SieveOpeningsProduct of(1) (2)Retained on Passing InchesNormalizingFactor (2)SAMPLE4 (100) 6 (.)
