1、Designation: D 445 09Designation: 71/1/97British Standard 2000: Part 71:1990Standard Test Method forKinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 445; the number immediately following the designation
2、indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencie
3、s of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determi-nation of the kinematic viscosity, n, of liquid petroleumproducts, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the timefor a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through acalibrated glass capillary vis
4、cometer. The dynamic viscosity, h,can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, n,bythe density, r, of the liquid.NOTE 1For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosityof bitumens, see also Test Methods D 2170 and D 2171.NOTE 2ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D 445.1.2 The r
5、esult obtained from this test method is dependentupon the behavior of the sample and is intended for applicationto liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear ratesare proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, theviscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, differentr
6、esults may be obtained from viscometers of different capillarydiameters. The procedure and precision values for residual fueloils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonianbehavior, have been included.1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this testmethod is from 0.2 to 300 000 mm
7、2/s (see Table A1.1)atalltemperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only beendetermined for those materials, kinematic viscosity ranges andtemperatures as shown in the footnotes to the precision section.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measure
8、ment are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limita
9、tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 446 Specifications and Operating Instructions for GlassCapillary Kinematic ViscometersD 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density(Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham PycnometerD 1480 Tes
10、t Method for Density and Relative Density(Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pyc-nometerD 1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density(Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicap-illary PycnometerD 2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscom-eters and Viscosit
11、y Oil StandardsD 2170 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts(Bitumens)D 2171 Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by VacuumCapillary ViscometerD 6071 Test Method for Low Level Sodium in High PurityWater by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectros-copyD 6074 Guide for Characterizing Hydr
12、ocarbon LubricantBase OilsD 6617 Practice for Laboratory Bias Detection UsingSingle Test Result from Standard MaterialE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mometers2.2 ISO Standards:31This test method is under the jurisdiction o
13、f ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originallyapproved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D 44506.In the IP, this test method i
14、s under the jurisdiction of the StandardizationCommittee.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Ava
15、ilable from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.ISO 3104 Petrole
16、um ProductsTransparent and OpaqueLiquidsDetermination of Kinematic Viscosity and Cal-culation of Dynamic ViscosityISO 3105 Glass Capillary Kinematic ViscometersSpecification and Operating InstructionsISO 3696 Water for Analytical Laboratory UseSpecification and Test MethodsISO 5725 Accuracy (truenes
17、s and precision) of measure-ment methods and results.ISO 9000 Quality Management and Quality AssuranceStandardsGuidelines for Selection and UseISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence ofTesting and Calibration Laboratories2.3 NIST Standards:4NIST Technical Note 1297, Guideline for Evaluatin
18、g andExpressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement ResultsNIST GMP 11NIST Special Publication 8193. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 automated viscometer, napparatus which, in part orin whole, has mechanized one or more of the procedural stepsindicated in Section
19、11 or 12 without changing the principle ortechnique of the basic manual apparatus. The essential ele-ments of the apparatus in respect to dimensions, design, andoperational characteristics are the same as those of the manualmethod.3.1.1.1 DiscussionAutomated viscometers have the capa-bility to mimic
20、 some operation of the test method whilereducing or removing the need for manual intervention orinterpretation. Apparatus which determine kinematic viscosityby physical techniques that are different than those used in thistest method are not considered to be Automated Viscometers.3.1.2 density, nthe
21、 mass per unit volume of a substance ata given temperature.3.1.3 dynamic viscosity, nthe ratio between the appliedshear stress and rate of shear of a liquid.3.1.3.1 DiscussionIt is sometimes called the coefficient ofdynamic viscosity or, simply, viscosity. Thus dynamic viscos-ity is a measure of the
22、 resistance to flow or deformation of aliquid.3.1.3.2 DiscussionThe term dynamic viscosity can alsobe used in a different context to denote a frequency-dependentquantity in which shear stress and shear rate have a sinusodialtime dependence.3.1.4 kinematic viscosity, nthe resistance to flow of a flui
23、dunder gravity.3.1.4.1 DiscussionFor gravity flow under a given hydro-static head, the pressure head of a liquid is proportional to itsdensity, r. For any particular viscometer, the time of flow of afixed volume of fluid is directly proportional to its kinematicviscosity, n, where n = h/r, and h is
24、the dynamic viscositycoefficient.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The time is measured for a fixed volume of liquid toflow under gravity through the capillary of a calibratedviscometer under a reproducible driving head and at a closelycontrolled and known temperature. The kinematic viscosity(determined
25、value) is the product of the measured flow timeand the calibration constant of the viscometer. Two suchdeterminations are needed from which to calculate a kinematicviscosity result that is the average of two acceptable deter-mined values.5. Significance and Use5.1 Many petroleum products, and some n
26、on-petroleummaterials, are used as lubricants, and the correct operation ofthe equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of theliquid being used. In addition, the viscosity of many petroleumfuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage,handling, and operational conditions. Thus, th
27、e accurate deter-mination of viscosity is essential to many product specifica-tions.6. Apparatus6.1 ViscometersUse only calibrated viscometers of theglass capillary type, capable of being used to determinekinematic viscosity within the limits of the precision given inthe precision section.6.1.1 Visc
28、ometers listed in Table A1.1, whose specificationsmeet those given in Specifications D 446 and in ISO 3105 meetthese requirements. It is not intended to restrict this test methodto the use of only those viscometers listed in TableA1.1.AnnexA1 gives further guidance.6.1.2 Automated ViscometersAutomat
29、ed apparatus maybe used as long as they mimic the physical conditions,operations or processes of the manual apparatus. Any viscom-eter, temperature measuring device, temperature control, tem-perature controlled bath or timing device incorporated in theautomated apparatus shall conform to the specifi
30、cation forthese components as stated in Section 6 of this test method.Flow times of less than 200 s are permitted, however, a kineticenergy correction shall be applied in accordance with Section7 on Kinematic Viscosity Calculation of Specifications D 446.The kinetic energy correction shall not excee
31、d 3.0 % of themeasured viscosity. The automated apparatus shall be capableof determining kinematic viscosity of a certified viscosityreference standard within the limits stated in 9.2.1 and Section17. The precision shall be of statistical equivalence to, or better(has less variability) than the manu
32、al apparatus.NOTE 3Precision and bias of kinematic viscosity measurements forflow times of less than 200 s has not been determined. The precision statedin Section 17 is not know to be valid for kinematic viscosity measure-ments with flow times less than 200 s.6.2 Viscometer HoldersUse viscometer hol
33、ders to enableall viscometers which have the upper meniscus directly abovethe lower meniscus to be suspended vertically within 1 in alldirections. Those viscometers whose upper meniscus is offsetfrom directly above the lower meniscus shall be suspendedvertically within 0.3 in all directions (see Spe
34、cifications D 446and ISO 3105).4Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100Bureau Dr., Stop 3460, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-3460.D4450926.2.1 Viscometers shall be mounted in the constant tempera-ture bath in the same manner as when calibrated and stated onthe certificate o
35、f calibration. See Specifications D 446, seeOperating Instructions in Annexes A1A3. For those viscom-eters which have Tube L (see Specifications D 446) heldvertical, vertical alignment shall be confirmed by using (1)aholder ensured to hold Tube L vertical, or (2) a bubble levelmounted on a rod desig
36、ned to fit into Tube L, or (3) a plumbline suspended from the center of Tube L, or (4) other internalmeans of support provided in the constant temperature bath.6.3 Temperature-Controlled BathUse a transparent liquidbath of sufficient depth such, that at no time during themeasurement of flow time, an
37、y portion of the sample in theviscometer is less than 20 mm below the surface of the bathliquid or less than 20 mm above the bottom of the bath.6.3.1 Temperature ControlFor each series of flow timemeasurements, the temperature control of the bath liquid shallbe such that within the range from 15 to
38、100C, the tempera-ture of the bath medium does not vary by more than 60.02Cof the selected temperature over the length of the viscometer,or between the position of each viscometer, or at the location ofthe thermometer. For temperatures outside this range, thedeviation from the desired temperature mu
39、st not exceed60.05C.6.4 Temperature Measuring Device in the Range from 0 to100CUse either calibrated liquid-in-glass thermometers(Annex A2) of an accuracy after correction of 60.02C orbetter, or any other thermometric device of equal or betteraccuracy.6.4.1 If calibrated liquid-in-glass thermometers
40、 are used, theuse of two thermometers is recommended. The two thermom-eters shall agree within 0.04C.6.4.2 Outside the range from 0 to 100C, use either cali-brated liquid-in-glass thermometers of an accuracy after cor-rection of 60.05C or better, or any other thermometric deviceof equal or better ac
41、curacy. When two temperature measuringdevices are used in the same bath, they shall agree within60.1C.6.4.3 When using liquid-in-glass thermometers, such asthose in Table A2.1, use a magnifying device to read thethermometer to the nearest15 division (for example, 0.01C or0.02F) to ensure that the re
42、quired test temperature andtemperature control capabilities are met (see 10.1). It isrecommended that thermometer readings (and any correctionssupplied on the certificates of calibrations for the thermom-eters) be recorded on a periodic basis to demonstrate compli-ance with the test method requireme
43、nts. This information canbe quite useful, especially when investigating issues or causesrelating to testing accuracy and precision.6.5 Timing DeviceUse any timing device that is capableof taking readings with a discrimination of 0.1 s or better andhas an accuracy within 60.07 % (seeAnnexA3) of the r
44、eadingwhen tested over the minimum and maximum intervals ofexpected flow times.6.5.1 Electrical timing devices may be used if the currentfrequency is controlled to an accuracy of 0.05 % or better.Alternating currents, as provided by some public power sys-tems, are intermittently rather than continuo
45、usly controlled.When used to actuate electrical timing devices, such controlcan cause large errors in kinematic viscosity flow time mea-surements.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Chromic Acid Cleaning Solution, or a nonchromium-containing, strongly oxidizing acid cleaning solution.(WarningChromic acid i
46、s a health hazard. It is toxic, arecognized carcinogen, highly corrosive, and potentially haz-ardous in contact with organic materials. If used, wear a fullface-shield and full-length protective clothing including suit-able gloves. Avoid breathing vapor. Dispose of used chromicacid carefully as it r
47、emains hazardous. Nonchromium-containing, strongly oxidizing acid cleaning solutions are alsohighly corrosive and potentially hazardous in contact withorganic materials, but do not contain chromium which hasspecial disposal problems.)7.2 Sample Solvent, completely miscible with the sample.Filter bef
48、ore use.7.2.1 For most samples a volatile petroleum spirit or naph-tha is suitable. For residual fuels, a prewash with an aromaticsolvent such as toluene or xylene may be necessary to removeasphaltenic material.7.3 Drying Solvent, a volatile solvent miscible with thesample solvent (see 7.2) and wate
49、r (see 7.4). Filter before use.7.3.1 Acetone is suitable. (WarningExtremely flam-mable.)7.4 Water, deionized or distilled and conforming to Speci-fication D 1193 or Grade 3 of ISO 3696. Filter before use.8. Certified Viscosity Reference Standards8.1 Certified viscosity reference standards shall be certifiedby a laboratory that has been shown to meet the requirementsof ISO 17025 by independent assessment. Viscosity standardsshall be traceable to master viscometer procedures described inTest Method D 2162.8.2 The uncertainty of the certified visco
