1、Designation:D44511a Designation: D445 12Designation: 71/1/97British Standard 2000: Part 71:1990Standard Test Method forKinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D445; the number immediately followin
2、g the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved
3、for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, n, of liquid petroleum products, bothtransparent and opaque, by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated
4、glass capillaryviscometer. The dynamic viscosity, h, can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, n, by the density, r, of the liquid.NOTE 1For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity of bitumens, see also Test Methods D2170 and D2171.NOTE 2ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Me
5、thod D445.1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application toliquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the viscosityvaries significantly with the rate
6、 of shear, different results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillary diameters. Theprocedure and precision values for residual fuel oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, have beenincluded.1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test method i
7、s from 0.2 to 300 000 mm2/s (see Table A1.1) at alltemperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only been determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity ranges andtemperatures as shown in the footnotes to the precision section.1.4The1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as s
8、tandard. The SI unit used in this test method for kinematicviscosity is mm2/s, and the SI unit used in this test method for dynamic viscosity is mPas. For user reference, 1 mm2/s=10-6m2/s= 1 cSt and 1 mPas=1cP=0.001 Pas.1.5 WARNINGMercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardou
9、s material that can cause centralnervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Cautionshould be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet(MSDS) for detail
10、s and EPAs websitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should be awarethat selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated
11、 with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D446 Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary
12、 Kinematic ViscometersD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham PycnometerD1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnometer1This test method is under
13、the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.07 onFlow Properties.Current edition approved May 1, 2011.April 15, 2012. Published May 2011.2012. Originally approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D
14、44511a. DOI:10.1520/D0445-11A. 10.1520/D0445-12.In the IP, this test method is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume in
15、formation, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequatel
16、y depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM Inte
17、rnational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary PycnometerD2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers and Viscosity Oil Stand
18、ardsD2170 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts (Bitumens)D2171 Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum Capillary ViscometerD6071 Test Method for Low Level Sodium in High Purity Water by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption SpectroscopyD6074 Guide for Characterizing Hydrocarbon Lubri
19、cant Base OilsD6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate AnalyticalMeasurement System PerformanceD6617 Practice for Laboratory Bias Detection Using Single Test Result from Standard MaterialE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermomete
20、rsE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of ThermometersE1137/E1137M Specification for Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometers2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 3104 Petroleum ProductsTransparent and Opaque LiquidsDetermination of Kinematic Viscosity and Calculation ofDynamic ViscosityISO 3105 Glas
21、s Capillary Kinematic ViscometersSpecification and Operating InstructionsISO 3696 Water for Analytical Laboratory UseSpecification and Test MethodsISO 5725 Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results.ISO 9000 Quality Management and Quality Assurance StandardsGuidelines for S
22、election and UseISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories2.3 NIST Standards:4NIST Technical Note 1297 Guideline for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results5NIST GMP 11 Good Measurement Practice for Assignment and Adjustmen
23、t of Calibration Intervals for Laboratory Standards6NIST Special Publication 819 Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)73. Terminology3.1 See also International Vocabulary of Metrology.83.2 Definitions:3.2.1 digital contact thermometer (DCT), nan electronic device consisting of
24、a digital display and associated temperaturesensing probe.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 automated viscometer, napparatus which, in part or in whole, has mechanized one or more of the procedural stepsindicated in Section 11 or 12 without changing the principle or technique
25、of the basic manual apparatus. The essential elementsof the apparatus in respect to dimensions, design, and operational characteristics are the same as those of the manual method.3.3.1.1 DiscussionAutomated viscometers have the capability to mimic some operation of the test method while reducing orr
26、emoving the need for manual intervention or interpretation. Apparatus which determine kinematic viscosity by physicaltechniques that are different than those used in this test method are not considered to be Automated Viscometers.3.3.2 density, nthe mass per unit volume of a substance at a given tem
27、perature.3.3.3 dynamic viscosity, h, nthe ratio between the applied shear stress and rate of shear of a material.3.3.3.1 DiscussionIt is sometimes called the coefficient of dynamic viscosity or absolute viscosity. Dynamic viscosity is ameasure of resistance to flow or deformation which constitutes a
28、 materials ability to transfer momentum in response to steady ortime-dependent external shear forces. Dynamic viscosity has the dimension of mass divided by length and time and its SI unit ispascal times second (Pas). Among the transport properties for heat, mass, and momentum transfer, dynamic visc
29、osity is themomentum conductivity.3.3.4 kinematic viscosity, n, nthe ratio of the dynamic viscosity (h) to the density (r) of a material at the same temperatureand pressure.3.3.4.1 DiscussionKinematic viscosity is the ratio between momentum transport and momentum storage. Such ratios arecalled diffu
30、sivities with dimensions of length squared divided by time and the SI unit is metre squared divided by second (m2/s).Among the transport properties for heat, mass, and momentum transfer, kinematic viscosity is the momentum diffusivity.3.3.4.2 DiscussionFormerly, kinematic viscosity was defined speci
31、fically for viscometers covered by this test method as theresistance to flow under gravity. More generally, it is the ratio between momentum transport and momentum storage.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.
32、4Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Dr., Stop 3460, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-3460.5http:/physics.nist.gov/cuu/Uncertainty/bibliography.html6http:/ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/upload/GMP_11_Mar_2003.pdf7http:/www.nist.gov/pml/pubs/sp811/index.cfm8Internat
33、ional Vocabulary of Metrology Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM), 3rd ed., 2008, http:/www.bipm.org/en/publications/guides/vim.html.D445 1223.3.4.3 DiscussionFor gravity-driven flow under a given hydrostatic head, the pressure head of a liquid is proportional to itsdensity, r, if
34、the density of air is negligible compared to that of the liquid. For any particular viscometer covered by this testmethod, the time of flow of a fixed volume of liquid is directly proportional to its kinematic viscosity, n, where n = h/r, and h isthe dynamic viscosity.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Th
35、e time is measured for a fixed volume of liquid to flow under gravity through the capillary of a calibrated viscometerunder a reproducible driving head and at a closely controlled and known temperature. The kinematic viscosity (determined value)is the product of the measured flow time and the calibr
36、ation constant of the viscometer. Two such determinations are needed fromwhich to calculate a kinematic viscosity result that is the average of two acceptable determined values.5. Significance and Use5.1 Many petroleum products, and some non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants, and the corre
37、ct operation of theequipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of the liquid being used. In addition, the viscosity of many petroleum fuels isimportant for the estimation of optimum storage, handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate determination ofviscosity is essential to many
38、product specifications.6. Apparatus6.1 ViscometersUse only calibrated viscometers of the glass capillary type, capable of being used to determine kinematicviscosity within the limits of the precision given in the precision section.6.1.1 Viscometers listed in Table A1.1, whose specifications meet tho
39、se given in Specifications D446 and in ISO 3105 meetthese requirements. It is not intended to restrict this test method to the use of only those viscometers listed in Table A1.1. AnnexA1 gives further guidance.6.1.2 Automated ViscometersAutomated apparatus may be used as long as they mimic the physi
40、cal conditions, operations orprocesses of the manual apparatus. Any viscometer, temperature measuring device, temperature control, temperature controlledbath or timing device incorporated in the automated apparatus shall conform to the specification for these components as statedin Section 6 of this
41、 test method. Flow times of less than 200 s are permitted, however, a kinetic energy correction shall be appliedin accordance with Section 7 on Kinematic Viscosity Calculation of Specifications D446. The kinetic energy correction shall notexceed 3.0 % of the measured viscosity. The automated apparat
42、us shall be capable of determining kinematic viscosity of a certifiedviscosity reference standard within the limits stated in 9.2.1 and Section 17. The precision shall be of statistical equivalence to,or better (has less variability) than the manual apparatus.NOTE 3Precision and bias of kinematic vi
43、scosity measurements for flow times of less than 200 s has not been determined. The precision stated inSection 17 is not know to be valid for kinematic viscosity measurements with flow times less than 200 s.6.2 Viscometer HoldersUse viscometer holders to enable all viscometers which have the upper m
44、eniscus directly above thelower meniscus to be suspended vertically within 1 in all directions. Those viscometers whose upper meniscus is offset fromdirectly above the lower meniscus shall be suspended vertically within 0.3 in all directions (see Specifications D446 and ISO3105).6.2.1 Viscometers sh
45、all be mounted in the constant temperature bath in the same manner as when calibrated and stated on thecertificate of calibration. See Specifications D446, see Operating Instructions in Annexes A1A3. For those viscometers whichhave Tube L (see Specifications D446) held vertical, vertical alignment s
46、hall be confirmed by using (1) a holder ensured to holdTube L vertical, or (2) a bubble level mounted on a rod designed to fit into Tube L, or (3) a plumb line suspended from the centerof Tube L, or ( 4) other internal means of support provided in the constant temperature bath.6.3 Temperature-Contro
47、lled BathUse a transparent liquid bath of sufficient depth such, that at no time during themeasurement of flow time, any portion of the sample in the viscometer is less than 20 mm below the surface of the bath liquidor less than 20 mm above the bottom of the bath.6.3.1 Temperature ControlFor each se
48、ries of flow time measurements, the temperature control of the bath liquid shall be suchthat within the range from 15 to 100C, the temperature of the bath medium does not vary by more than 60.02C of the selectedtemperature over the length of the viscometer, or between the position of each viscometer
49、, or at the location of the thermometer.For temperatures outside this range, the deviation from the desired temperature must not exceed 60.05C.6.4 Temperature Measuring Device in the Range from 0 to 100CUse either calibrated liquid-in-glass thermometers (AnnexA2) with an accuracy after correction of 60.02C or better, or a digital contact thermometer as described in 6.4.2 with equal orbetter accuracy.6.4.1 If calibrated liquid-in-glass thermometers are used, the use of two thermometers is recommended. The two thermometersshall agree wi
