1、Designation: D642 00 (Reapproved 2010)D642 15Standard Test Method forDetermining Compressive Resistance of ShippingContainers, Components, and Unit Loads1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D642; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1.
3、Scope1.1 This test method covers compression tests on shipping containers (for example, boxes and drums) or components, or both.Shipping containers may be tested with or without contents. The procedure may be used for measuring the ability of the containerto resist external compressive loads applied
4、 to its faces, to diagonally opposite edges, or to corners (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). This testmethod covers testing of multiple containers or unit loads, in addition to individual shipping containers, components, materials,or combination thereof.1.2 The test method of applying load may be used to compare
5、 the characteristics of a given design of container with a standard,or to compare the characteristics of containers differing in construction.1.3 This test method is related to TAPPI T804, which is similar for fixed platen machines but does not recognize swivel platenmachines. This test method fulfi
6、lls the requirements of International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Test Method 12048.The ISO standards may not meet the requirements for this test method.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to
7、 SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and de
8、termine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D644D685 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper and Paperboard by Oven DryingPractice for Conditioning Paper andPaper Products for Testing (Withdrawn 2010)D996 Terminology of Packaging and D
9、istribution EnvironmentsD2016 Methods of Test for Moisture Content of Wood (Withdrawn 1987)3D4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and SystemsD4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging Components for TestingD4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content
10、 Measurement of Wood and Wood-Base MaterialsD4577 Test Method for Compression Resistance of a Container Under Constant LoadE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot
11、 orProcess2.2 TAPPI Standard:3T 412 Moisture in pulp, paper and paperboardT 804 Compression testing of fiberboard shipping containers1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping Containers andSyste
12、ms - Application of Performance Test Methods.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2010April 1, 2015. Published October 2010May 2015. Originally approved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 20052010 asD642 00(2005)(2010). 1. DOI: 10.1520/D0642-00R10.10.1520/D0642-15.2 For referencedASTM standards,
13、 visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, 15 Technology Par
14、kway South, Atlanta, GA 30092.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommend
15、s that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.3 ISO Standard:4
16、ISO 12048 PackagingComplete, filled transport packagesCompression and stacking test using compression tester3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral terms for Packaging and Distribution Environments are found in Terminology D996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 fixed platen testi
17、ng machinea testing machine equipped with two platens which are both restrained from tilting.3.2.2 swiveled platen testing machinea testing machine equipped with two platens, one rigidly restrained from tilting whilethe other platen is universally mounted and allowed to tilt freely.4. Significance a
18、nd Use4.1 Compressive resistance is one of the properties used to evaluate the ability of shipping containers, components, and unitloads to successfully survive the compressive forces they are subjected to during storage and distribution (see Note 1).NOTE 1For constant load test refer to Test Method
19、 D4577.4.2 Compressive resistance may be determined with either fixed- or swiveled-platen-type testing machines. However, afixed-head compression machine is required to perform edge-to-edge and corner-to-corner orientations on test specimens (see Note2). Also, unit loads are generally tested only in
20、 the top-to-bottom orientation.NOTE 2Fixed-platen machines generally cause corrugated box specimens to fail at their strongest point, while swivel-platen machines causecorrugated box specimens to fail at their weakest point.5 The swiveled platen is allowed to move to the weakest point of the contain
21、er.5. Apparatus5.1 Compression Testing Machines:5.1.1 Fixed-Platen Testing MachineTwo platens, flat to within 0.01 in. (0.25 mm) for each 12 in. (304.8 mm) in length, andone of which is movable in the vertical direction so as to compress the container between the platens. One is the load measuringpl
22、aten, and both should be of sufficient size so that the test container does not extend beyond the edges of the platens. Both platensare fixed in the horizontal directions so as to have no lateral movement greater than0.05 in. (1.3 mm), and are held parallelthroughout the test to within 0.04 in. (1 m
23、m) for each 12 in. (304.8 mm) in the length and width dimensions.5.1.2 Swivel-Platen Testing MachineTwo platens, flat to within 0.01 in. (0.25 mm) for each 12 in. (304.8 mm) in length, andone which is movable in the vertical direction so as to compress the container between the platens. One is the l
24、oad-measuringplaten, and both should be of sufficient size so that the test container does not extend beyond the edges of the platens. One platenis fixed in the horizontal direction so as to have no lateral movement greater than 0.05 in. (1.3 mm). The second platen is attachedto the machine by a swi
25、vel or universal joint to a point directly centered on the platen, allowing the platen to tilt freely.5.2 Suitable Closure Apparatus See Appendix X1.5.3 Conditioning ApparatusProvide adequate facilities for conditioning test containers at proper relative humidity andtemperature prior to test in acco
26、rdance with the requirements of the specifications covering the containers to be tested. It isrecommended that the atmospheres for conditioning be selected from those shown in Practice D4332. Unless otherwise specified,fiberboard and other paperboard containers shall be preconditioned and conditione
27、d in accordance with the standard atmospherespecified in Practice D4332. for transit simulation testing or Practice D685 when quantification of box compression strength isrequired.6. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units6.1 Choose test specimens and sample quantities to provide an adequate determ
28、ination of representative performance. For largeproduction runs, lot sampling is advised. Application of Practice E122 is suggested.6.2 Whenever sufficient containers and contents are available, it is recommended that five or more replicate tests be conductedto improve the statistical reliability of
29、 the data obtained.6.3 The specimens being tested shall be complete in all respects. Depending on the purpose of the test, interior components mayor may not be included. Tests shall be made on specimens with or without contents as prescribed.6.4 The test specimen shall be closed and secured in the s
30、ame manner as will be used in preparing them for shipment unlessotherwise specified. The method of flap securement for corrugated containers may affect test results (see Appendix X1).7. Calibration and Standardization7.1 The accuracy of the test equipment must be verified to ensure reliable test dat
31、a.4 Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.5 Singh, S. P., Burgess, G., Langlois, M., “Compression of Single-Wall Corrugated Shipping Containers Using Fixed and Floating Test Platens,” ASTM JOTE, July 1992.D642 1527.1.1 The overall system
32、accuracy of the recorded or indicated applied load (force) shall be verified in accordance with PracticeE4. The verified loading range shall be specified, and errors within the loading range shall not exceed 61.0 % of reading (ascalculated in Practice E4). If testing below the Practice E4 verified l
33、oading range is desired, then the maximum permissible errorshall not exceed 60.2 % of the full range of the force sensor. Calculate as follows:E 5FS 30.002 (1)where:E = maximum permissible error, lbf or N, andFS = force sensors full range, lbf or N.7.1.2 The accuracy of the recorded or indicated pla
34、ten displacement must be verified in accordance with the equipmentmanufacturers recommended procedures. The error, including the effects of any backlash in the loading system, shall not exceed60.1 in. (62.5 mm).7.1.3 The accuracy of the platen travel rate at 0.5 in./min (12.7 mm/min) must be verifie
35、d throughout each loading range inaccordance with the equipment manufacturers recommended procedures. The error, including any backlash in the loading system,shall not exceed 60.10 in./min (62.5 mm/min).8. Conditioning8.1 Test specimens shall be conditioned prior to test or during test, or both, in
36、accordance with the requirements of the applicablespecification. When no conditioning requirements are given and container materials are moisture sensitive, a standard conditioningatmosphere is recommended in accordance with Practice D4332. for transit simulation testing or Practice D685 when quanti
37、ficationof box compression strength is required.8.1.1 Moisture content determination may be carried out for moisture-sensitive materials at the time of the test to confirm testeffects of conditioning (see Appendix X2).8.2 For special applications, and depending on the purpose of the test, the test s
38、pecimens may be conditioned prior to thecompression test by water immersion, exposure to water spray, or other specific conditions.9. Procedure9.1 Determine the criteria for ending the test. When testing to maximum load, defined failure limits are used. Failure may bedefined either by a reduction in
39、 the maximum load supported or by reaching a deformation limit.NOTE 3Typical failure values for corrugated box testing are a force yield of 10 % (decrease from the maximum load obtained) or a deformation of34 in. (19 mm).NOTE 4Special applications such as Practice D4169 may require that a specific l
40、oad be calculated and then applied to the container.9.2 Center the specimen on the lower platen of the testing machine in the desired orientation, so as not to incur eccentric loading.9.2.1 Significant errors may result during testing if the specimen is placed off-center on the platen. Also, extensi
41、ve damage toequipment may occur if test specimens are placed off-center on the platen.9.3 Bring the platens into contact with the specimen applying an initial pressure or pre-load.9.3.1 For single-wall corrugated containers, an initial force or pre-load of 50 lbf (222 N) on the specimen is recommend
42、ed. Fordouble-wall and triple-wall boxes, pre-loads of 100 lbf (445 N) and 500 lbf (2220 N) respectively are recommended. For othertypes of test specimens a suitable pre-load may or may not be selected.9.4 Fixed platen machines must be used for tests where the compressive loads are applied on test s
43、pecimen edges, or on diagonalcorners (Fig. 1). Either fixed-platen or swivelplaten machines may be used for face-to-face compressive tests (Fig. 2).9.5 If the testing machine is not fitted with a load-deformation recorder, record the test load for every 0.1 in. (2.5 mm) ofdeformation of the containe
44、r (see 9.4.19.5.1). Set the load-deformation recorder to display zero deformation.9.5.1 When testing full containers, and the load sensing device is located under the bottom platen, be sure to zero the testmachine with the product on it, or subtract the container weight from peak load readings.9.6 A
45、pply the load with a continuous motion of the movable platen of the testing machine at a speed of 0.5 6 0.1 in. (12.7 62.5 mm)/min until failure or a specified load, has been reached (see Note 34).NOTE 3Special applications, such as Practice D4169, Element D, may require that a specific load be calc
46、ulated and then applied to the container.9.6 Prior to testing for each type of loading, critical points shall be established, where applicable. Record the compressive loadat these critical deformations, together with the maximum load and deformation.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10
47、.1.1 A statement indicating that the tests were performed in accordance with this test method, except where noted.10.1.2 Container Structural and Physical Specifications:10.1.2.1 Inside dimensions should be specified for all corrugated and solid fiberboard containers.D642 15310.1.2.2 Description of
48、the contents (products) of the container and gross weight of the filled container, as tested.10.1.2.3 Description and specification of materials, style of container, access holes, and double scores.10.1.2.4 Description and specifications for interior packaging, if used.10.1.2.5 Spacing, size, and ty
49、pe of fasteners and method of closure.10.1.2.6 Printing amount and location on container. Record caliper of printed and plain surfaces.10.1.3 Detailed Results for Each Test Specimen:10.1.3.1 Pre- and post-test damage to the container and contents.10.1.3.2 Any observations that may assist in correctly interpreting the results or aid in improving the design of the container(for example, photographic evidence of container damage).10.1.3.3 Nature and cause of failure.10.1.3.4 Any tests performed on the test specimen prior to compression testing.10.1.3.5 A tabulati
