1、Designation: D70 17Standard Test Method forDensity of Semi-Solid Bituminous Materials (PycnometerMethod)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D70; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determinatio
3、n of the relativedensity and density of semi-solid bituminous materials,asphalt, and soft tar pitches by use of a pycnometer.NOTE 1An alternate method for determining the density of semi-solidand solid bituminous materials is Test Method D3289. For materials whichare too fluid for use of this test m
4、ethod, use Test Method D3142/D3142M.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to the regarded as thestandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard, with the exception of temperature measurements,which are stated in degrees Celsius with temperature. Unitsprovided in Fahrenheit are f
5、or reference purposes only. Tem-peratures given in degrees Celsius are to be consideredstandard.1.3 WarningMercury has been designated by the UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and many stateagencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervoussystem, kidney, and liver dama
6、ge. Mercury or its vapor may behazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution shouldbe taken when handling mercury and mercury-containingproducts. See the applicable product Material Safety DataSheet (MSDS) for details and the EPAs website(www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional informa
7、tion.Users should be aware that selling mercury, mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited bystate law.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establi
8、sh appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles fo
9、r theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsD1
10、40/D140M Practice for Sampling Asphalt MaterialsD3142/D3142M Test Method for Specific Gravity, APIGravity, or Density of Cutback Asphalts by HydrometerMethodD3289 Test Method for Density of Semi-Solid and SolidAsphalt Materials (Nickel Crucible Method)D4311/D4311M Practice for Determining Asphalt Vo
11、lumeCorrection to a Base TemperatureE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mometersE563 Practice for Preparation and Use of an Ice-Point Bathas a Reference TemperatureE644 Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance Ther-momet
12、ersE1137/E1137M Specification for Industrial Platinum Resis-tance Thermometers2.2 Other:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 densitythe mass per unit volume of a material.3.1.2 relative densitythe ratio of the mass of a givenvolu
13、me of a material to the mass of the same volume of waterat the same temperature (see Note 2).NOTE 2Relative density is also described as specific gravity.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04
14、.47 onMiscellaneous Asphalt Tests.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2017. Published December 2017. Originallyapproved in 1920. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D70 091. DOI:10.1520/D0070-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service
15、 at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-295
16、9. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical B
17、arriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.14. Summary of Test Method4.1 The sample is placed in a standardized pycnometer. Thepycnometer and sample are weighed, then the remainingvolume is filled with water. The filled pycnometer is brought tothe test temperature and weighed. The density of the sample iscalc
18、ulated from its mass and the mass of water displaced by thesample in the filled pycnometer.5. Significance and Use5.1 Values of density are used for converting volumes tounits of mass, and for correcting measured volumes from thetemperature of measurement to a standard temperature usingPractice D431
19、1/D4311M.6. Apparatus6.1 Pycnometer, glass, consisting of a cylindrical or conicalvessel carefully ground to receive an accurately fitting glassstopper 22 to 26 mm in diameter. The stopper shall be providedwith a hole 1.0 to 2.0 mm in diameter, centrally located inreference to the vertical axis. The
20、 top surface of the stoppershall be substantially plane and have no chips, and the lowersurface shall be concave to allow all air to escape through thebore. The height of the concave section shall be 4.0 to 18.0 mmat the center. The stoppered pycnometer shall have a capacityof 24 to 30 mL and shall
21、weigh not more than 40 g. Suitablepycnometers are illustrated in Fig. 1.6.2 Water Bath, constant-temperature, capable of maintain-ing the temperature within 0.1 C (0.2 F) of the test tempera-ture. The water bath shall be equipped with a thermometer asdescribed in 6.3.6.3 ThermometerThe thermometer s
22、hall be one of thefollowing:6.3.1 A liquid-in-glass partial immersion thermometer ofsuitable range with subdivisions and maximum scale error of0.1 C (0.2 F) which conforms to the requirements of Speci-fication E1. Calibrate the thermometer in accordance with oneof the methods in Test Method E77 or v
23、erify its originalcalibration at the ice point (Notes 3 and 4). Thermometercommonly used is ASTM 63C.NOTE 3Practice E563 provides instructions on the preparation and useof an ice-point bath as a reference temperature.NOTE 4If the thermometer does not read 0.0 6 0.1 C (32.0 6 0.1 F)at the ice point t
24、hen the thermometer should be recalibrated.6.3.2 Aplatinum resistance thermometer (PRT) with a probewhich conforms to the requirements of Specification E1137/E1137M. The PRT shall have a 3- or 4-wire connectionconfiguration and the overall sheath length shall be at least50 mm greater than the immers
25、ion depth. Calibrate the PRTsystem (probe and readout) in accordance with Test MethodsE644 or verify its original calibration at the ice point (Notes 3and 4). Corrections shall be applied to ensure accurate mea-surements within 0.1 C.6.3.3 A metal-sheathed thermistor with a sensor substan-tially sim
26、ilar in construction to the PRT probe described in6.3.2. Calibrate the thermistor system (sensor and readout) inaccordance with Test Methods E644 or verify its originalcalibration at the ice point (Notes 3 and 4). Corrections shall beapplied to ensure accurate measurements within 0.1 C.6.4 Balance,
27、capable of making the required measurementsto an accuracy of at least 0.001 g.6.5 Beaker, 600-mL or larger Griffin low-form beaker.6.6 Tongs, rubber covered, for placing and removing thepycnometer from the beaker.7. Materials7.1 WaterBoiled and cooled distilled or deionized waterfree of visual conta
28、minants. Water greater than three days postboiling and cooling shall not be used (Note 6).NOTE 5Water should be discarded or re-boiled if bubbles are seen inthe pycnometer during testing.NOTE 6As an alternative to using heat, a vacuum source to pull anegative pressure until the water boils without h
29、eat may be used. In thiscase, the water does not have to be cooled before use.8. Sampling8.1 Take samples in accordance with Practice D140/D140M. The sample shall be free of foreign substances.8.2 Thoroughly mix the sample before removing a repre-sentative portion for testing.9. Preparation of Appar
30、atus9.1 Partially fill a 600-mL or larger Griffin low-form beakerwith freshly boiled and cooled distilled or deionized water to alevel that will allow the top of the pycnometer to be immersedto a depth of not less than 40 mm.FIG. 1 Suitable Pycnometers and StopperD701729.2 Partially immerse the beak
31、er in the water bath to a depthsufficient to allow the bottom of the beaker to be immersed toa depth of not less than 100 mm, while the top of the beaker isabove the water level of the bath. Utilize some method toensure that the beaker does not tip over, while making sure thatcirculation of the wate
32、r in the conditioning bath around thebeaker is not restricted.9.3 Maintain the temperature of the water bath within 0.1 C(0.2 F) of the test temperature as determined by the thermom-eter described in 6.3.10. Standardization of Pycnometer10.1 Thoroughly clean, dry, and weigh the pycnometer tothe near
33、est 0.001 g. Designate this mass as A.10.2 Remove the beaker from the water bath if necessary.Using the tongs, fill the pycnometer with freshly boileddistilled or deionized water, placing the stopper loosely in thepycnometer. Place the pycnometer in the beaker and press thestopper firmly in place.Ag
34、ain using the tongs, return the beakerto the water bath if previously removed.NOTE 7Standardization must be done at the test temperature. Apycnometer standardized at one temperature cannot be used at a differenttemperature without restandardization at that temperature.10.3 Allow the pycnometer to re
35、main in the water for aperiod of not less than 30 min. Remove the pycnometer usingthe tongs, immediately dry the top of the stopper with onestroke of a dry towel (Note 8), then quickly dry the remainingoutside area of the pycnometer and weigh to the nearest0.001 g. Designate the mass of the pycnomet
36、er plus water as B.NOTE 8Do not re-dry the top of the stopper even if a small droplet ofwater forms as a result of expansion. If the top is dried at the instant ofremoving the pycnometer from the water, the proper mass of the contentsat the test temperature will be recorded. If moisture condenses on
37、 thepycnometer during weighing, quickly re-dry the outside of the pycnometer(excluding the top) before recording the mass.11. Procedure11.1 Preparation of SampleHeat the sample with care,stirring to prevent local overheating, until the sample hasbecome sufficiently fluid to pour. In no case should t
38、hetemperature be raised to more than 55 C (131 F) above theexpected softening point for tar, or to more than 110 C(230 F) above the expected softening point for asphalt. Do notheat for more than 120 min, and avoid incorporating airbubbles into the sample.11.2 Pour enough sample into the clean, dry,
39、warmedpycnometer to fill it about three-fourths of its capacity. Takeprecautions to keep the material from touching the sides of thepycnometer above the final level and prevent the inclusion ofair bubbles (Note 9). Allow the pycnometer and its contents tocool to ambient temperature for a period of n
40、ot less than 40 minand weigh with the stopper to the nearest 0.001 g. Designatethe mass of the pycnometer plus sample as C.NOTE 9If any air bubbles are inadvertently entrained, remove bybrushing the surface of the asphalt in the pycnometer with a high “soft”flame of a Bunsen burner or torch. To avoi
41、d overheating, do not allow theflame to remain in contact with the asphalt more than a few seconds at anyone time.11.3 Remove the beaker from the water bath if necessary.Fill the pycnometer containing the asphalt with freshly boileddistilled or deionized water, placing the stopper loosely in thepycn
42、ometer. Do not allow any air bubbles to remain in thepycnometer. Using the tongs, place the pycnometer in thebeaker and press the stopper firmly in place. Return the beakerto the water bath if previously removed.11.4 Allow the pycnometer to remain in the water bath fora period of not less than 30 mi
43、n. Using the tongs, remove thepycnometer from the bath. Dry and weigh using the sametechnique and timing as that employed in 10.3. Designate thismass of pycnometer plus sample plus water as D.12. Calculation12.1 Calculate the relative density to the nearest 0.001 asfollows:relative density 5 C 2 A!/
44、B 2 A! 2 D 2 C!# (1)where:A = mass of pycnometer (plus stopper),B = mass of pycnometer filled with water,C = mass of pycnometer partially filled with asphalt, andD = mass of pycnometer plus asphalt plus water.12.2 Calculate density to the nearest 0.001 as follows:Density 5 relative density 3 WT(2)wh
45、ere:WT= density of water at the test temperature (Note 10).NOTE 10Density of water from CRC Handbook of Chemistry andPhysics:Temperature, C (F) Density of Water, kg/m3(kg/L)15.6 (60.1) 999.0 (0.9990)25.0 (77) 997.0 (0.9970)13. Report13.1 Report density to the nearest 1 kg/m3(0.001 kg/L) andthe test
46、temperature.14. Precision and Bias14.1 Single-Operator PrecisionThe single-operatorpooled standard deviation for the relative density (specificgravity) of semi-solid bituminous materials has been found tobe 0.0013 at 15.6 C and 0.00082 at 25.0 C (see Table 1).Therefore, results of two properly condu
47、cted tests by the sameoperator on the same material should not differ by more thanthe following values (see Note 11):Test Temperature, C (F) Density, kg/m3(kg/L)15.6 (60.1) 3.7 (0.0037)25.0 (77) 2.3 (0.0023)14.2 Multilaboratory PrecisionThe multilaboratorypooled standard deviation for the relative d
48、ensity (specificgravity) of semi-solid bituminous materials has been found tobe 0.0024 at 15.6 C and 0.0019 at 25.0 C (see Table 1).Therefore, results of two properly conducted tests by twolaboratories on samples of the same material should not differby more than the following values (see Note 10):T
49、est Temperature, C (F) Density, kg/m3(kg/L)15.6 (60.1) 6.8 (0.0068)25.0 (77) 5.4 (0.0054)D70173NOTE 11These number represent, respectively, the (1S) and (D2S)limits as described in Practice C670.14.3 BiasNo information can be presented on the bias ofthe procedure in this test method for measuring density becauseno material having an accepted reference value is available.15. Keywords15.1 density; pycnometer; relative density; specific gravitySUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee D04 has identified the location of selected changes to this standa
