1、Designation: D8 12D8 13Standard Terminology Relating toMaterials for Roads and Pavements1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in p
2、arentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.aggregate, na granular material of mineral composition such as sand, gravel, shell, slag, or crushed stone, used with a cementingmedium to form mortars or concr
3、ete, or alone as in base courses, railroad ballasts, etc.anionic emulsion, na type of emulsion such that a particular emulsifying agent establishes a predominance of negative chargeson the discontinuous phase.asphalt, na subclass of bitumen which occurs in nature or is obtained in petroleum processi
4、ng.Adark brown to black cement-likeresiduum obtained from the distillation of suitable crude oils.DISCUSSIONThe distillation processes may involve one or more of the following: atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, steam distillation. Further processingof distillation residuum may be needed
5、 to yield a material whose physical properties are suitable for commercial applications. These additionalprocesses can involve air oxidation, solvent stripping or blending of residua of different stiffness characteristics. In Europe asphalt is called bitumen.asphalt binder, nan asphalt that isasphal
6、t which may or may not contain an asphalt modifier (see produced from asphaltmodifierpetroleum residue either with or without the addition of non-particulate, non-fibrous modifiers.).DISCUSSIONthis term is often used in the Performance Graded Binder system.asphalt cement, nSee asphaltasphalt concret
7、e, nSee asphalt mix.asphalt mix (asphalt mixture), na mixture of asphalt binder, emulsified asphalt, or cutback asphalt and aggregates. The mixturemay also include other materials.asphalt modifier, nOrganic or inorganic materials added to an asphalt binder to alter the properties or behavior of the
8、binder.DISCUSSIONSuch materials include polymers, other chemical modifiers, rubber, and hydrated lime. With the exception of rubber, asphalt modifiers have a particlesize of 250 m or smaller.asphalt pavement, na structure consisting of one or more prepared layers of asphalt mix resting on a subgrade
9、.atop one or moresupporting layers of unbound, modified, or treated subgrade, subbase or base materialsasphalt rock (rock asphalt), nrock froma naturally occurring formation, usually limestone or sandstone, impregnatedthroughout its mass with asphalt.asphalt-rubber, na blend of asphalt cement, recla
10、imed tire rubber, and certain additives in which the rubber component is atleast 15 % by weight of the total blend and has reacted in the hot asphalt cement sufficiently to cause swelling of the rubberparticles.1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Mat
11、erials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.91 onTerminology.Current edition approved July 1, 2012Feb. 1, 2013. Published September 2012February 2013. Originally published as D 8 12. Last previous edition D 8 94, whichwaspublished 2012 as D8withdrawn in 2007 and reinstated in June, 2
12、011. DOI: 10.1520/D000812.12. DOI: 10.1520/D000813.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accur
13、ately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United Stat
14、es1asphaltenes, ninsoluble materials that are precipitated by use of selected solvents, such as n-heptane.DISCUSSIONThe asphaltene fraction should be identified by the solvent and solvent-asphalt ratio used.bank gravel, ngravel found in natural deposits, usually more or less intermixed with fine mat
15、erial, such as sand or clay, orcombinations thereof; gravelly clay, gravelly sand, clayey gravel, and sandy gravel indicate the varying proportions of thematerials in the mixture.bitumen, na class of black or dark-colored (solid, semisolid, or viscous) cementitious substances, natural or manufacture
16、d,composed principally of high molecular weight hydrocarbons, of which asphalts, tars, and pitches are subclasses.dark brown toblack cement-like residuum obtained from the distillation of suitable crude oils.DISCUSSIONThe distillation processes may involve one or more of the following: atmospheric d
17、istillation, vacuum distillation, steam distillation. Further processingof distillation residuum may be needed to yield a material whose physical properties are suitable for commercial applications. These additionalprocesses can involve air oxidation, solvent stripping or blending of residua of diff
18、erent stiffness characteristics. In North America bitumen is calledasphalt.bituminous, adjcontaining or treated with bitumen (also bituminized). Examples: bituminous concrete, bituminized felts andfabrics, bituminous pavement.bituminous emulsion, n(1) a suspension of minute globules of bituminous ma
19、terial in water or in an aqueous solution,(2) a suspension of minute globules of water or of an aqueous solution in a liquid bituminous material.blast-furnace slag, nthe nonmetallic product, consisting essentially of silicates and alumino-silicates of lime and of other bases,that is developed simult
20、aneously with iron in a blast furnace.cationic emulsion, na type of emulsion such that a particular emulsifying agent establishes a predominance of positive chargeson the discontinuous phase.clinker, ngenerally a fused or partly fused by-product of the combustion of coal, but also including lava and
21、 portland-cementclinker, and partly vitrified slag and brick.coal tar, na dark brown to black cementitious material produced by the destructive distillation of bituminous coal.coarse aggregate, n(1) aggregate predominantly retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve: or (2) that portion of an aggregateret
22、ained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.DISCUSSIONThe definitions are alternatives to be applied under differing circumstances. Definition (1) is applied to an entire aggregate either in a natural conditionor after processing. Definition (2) is applied to a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for prope
23、rties and grading should be stated in the specification.coke-oven tar, ncoal tar produced in by-product coke ovens in the manufacture of coke from bituminous coal.crack filler, nbituminous material used to fill and seal cracks in existing pavements.crusher-run, nthe total unscreened product of a sto
24、ne crusher.cut-back asphalt, npetroleum residuum (asphalt) which has been blended with petroleum distillates.DISCUSSIONSlow-curing materials may be made directly by distillation and are often referred to as road oils.cut-back products, npetroleum or tar residuums which have been blended with distill
25、ates.dense-graded aggregate, nan aggregate that has a particle size distribution such that when it is compacted, the resulting voidsbetween the aggregate particles, expressed as a percentage of the total space occupied by the material, are relatively small.dust binder, na light application of bitumi
26、nous material for the express purpose of laying and bonding loose dust.D8 132fine aggregate, n(1) aggregate passing the 38-in. (9.5-mm) sieve and almost entirely passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve andpredominantly retained on the 75-m (No. 200) sieve: or (2) that portion of an aggregate passing the 4
27、.75-mm (No. 4) sieve andretained on the 75-m (No. 200) sieve.DISCUSSIONThe definitions are alternatives to be applied under differing circumstances. Definition (1) is applied to an entire aggregate either in a natural conditionor after processing. Definition (2) is applied to a portion of an aggrega
28、te. Requirements for properties and grading should be stated in the specifications.flux, na bituminous material, generally liquid, used for softening other bituminous materials.fog seal, na light application of bituminous material to an existing pavement as a seal to inhibit raveling, or to seal the
29、 surface,or both. Medium and slow-setting bituminous emulsions are usually used and may be diluted with water.fractured face, nan angular, rough, or broken surface of an aggregate particle created by crushing, by other artificial means, orby nature.“free-carbon” in tars, nthe hydrocarbon fraction th
30、at is precipitated from a tar by dilution with carbon disulfide or benzene.gas-house coal tar, ncoal tar produced in gas-house retorts in the manufacture of illuminating gas from bituminous coal.macadam, dry-bound and water bound, na pavement layer containing essentially one-size coarse aggregate ch
31、oked in placewith an application of screenings or sand; water is applied to the choke material for water-bound macadam. Multiple layers mustbe used.maintenance mix, na mixture of bituminous material and mineral aggregate applied at ambient temperature for use in patchingholes, depressions, and distr
32、ess areas in existing pavements using appropriate hand or mechanical methods in placing andcompacting the mix. These mixes may be designed for immediate use or for use out of a stockpile at a later time without furtherprocessing.maltenes, na red-brown to black heavy oil material remaining after prec
33、ipitation of asphaltenes from asphalt binder with selectedsolvents.maximum size (of aggregate), nin specifications for, or descriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve opening through which theentire amount of aggregate is required to pass.mesh, nthe square opening of a sieve.mixed-in-place (road m
34、ix), na bituminous surface or base course produced by mixing mineral aggregate and cut-back asphalt,bituminous emulsion, or tar at the job-site by means of travel plants, motor graders, drags, or special road-mixing equipment.Open or dense-graded aggregates, sand, and sandy soil may be used.modified
35、 asphalt, nasphalt binder combined with one or more asphalt modifiers.mulch treatment, na spray application of bituminous material used to temporarily stabilize a recently seeded area. Thebituminous material can be applied to the soil or to straw or hay mulch as a tie-down, also.naphthene-aromatics,
36、 na mixture of naphthenic and aromatic hydrocarbons which are adsorbed from a paraffinic solvent on anadsorbent during percolation and then desorbed with an aromatic solvent such as toluene.DISCUSSIONThe naphthene-aromatics fraction should be identified by the solvent, the solvent-asphalt ratio and
37、the absorbing medium.native asphalt, nasphalt occurring as such in nature.nominal maximum size (of aggregate), nin specifications for, or descriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve opening throughwhich the entire amount of the aggregate is permitted to pass.DISCUSSIONSpecifications on aggregates
38、usually stipulate a sieve opening through which all of the aggregate may, but need not, pass so that a stated maximumproportion of the aggregate may be retained on that sieve. A sieve opening so designated is the nominal maximum size.normal temperature, nas applied to laboratory observations of the
39、physical characteristics of bituminous materials, 25C(77F).D8 133oil-gas tars, ntars produced by cracking oil vapors at high temperatures in the manufacture of oil gas.open-graded aggregate, nan aggregate that has a particle size distribution such that when it is compacted, the voids betweenthe aggr
40、egate particles, expressed as a percentage of the total space occupied by the material, remain relatively large.penetration, nthe consistency of a bituminous material expressed as the distance in tenths of a millimetre (0.1 mm) that astandard needle penetrates vertically a sample of the material und
41、er specified conditions of loading, time, and temperature.penetration macadam, na pavement layer containing essentially one-size coarse aggregate, penetrated in place by a heavyapplication of bituminous material, followed by an application of a smaller size coarse aggregate, and compacted. Multiplel
42、ayers containing still smaller coarse aggregate may be used.pitches, nblack or dark-brown solid cementitious materials which gradually liquefy when heated and which are obtained asresidua in the partial evaporation or fractional distillation of tar.plant mix, cold-laid, na mixture of cut-back asphal
43、t, bituminous emulsion, or tar and mineral aggregate prepared in a centralbituminous mixing plant and spread and compacted at the job-site when the mixture is at or near ambient temperature.plant mix, hot-laid bituminous emulsion mixtures, na mixture of emulsion and heated mineral aggregate usually
44、prepared ina conventional asphalt plant or drum mixer and spread and compacted at the job site at a temperature above ambient.polar-aromatics, na polar aromatic hydrocarbon fraction that is adsorbed on an adsorbing medium from a paraffinic solventduring percolation and then desorbed with a chlorinat
45、ed hydrocarbon solvent such as trichloroethylene.DISCUSSIONThe polar-aromatics fraction should be identified by the solvent, the solvent-asphalt ratio and the absorbing medium.prime coat, nan application of a low-viscosity bituminous material to an absorptive surface, designed to penetrate, bond, an
46、dstabilize this existing surface and to promote adhesion between it and the construction course that follows.reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), nasphalt pavement or paving mixture removed from its original location for use inrecycled asphalt paving mixture.recycled asphalt paving mixture, na mixture
47、of reclaimed asphalt pavement with the inclusion, if required, of asphalt cement,emulsified asphalt, cut-back asphalt, recycling agent, mineral aggregate, and mineral filler.recycling agent (RA), na blend of hydrocarbons with or without minor amounts of other materials that is used to alter orimprov
48、e the properties of the aged asphalt in a recycled asphalt paving mixture.refined tar, ntar freed from water by evaporation or distillation which is continued until the residue is of desired consistency;or a product produced by fluxing tar residuum with tar distillate.rock asphaltsee asphalt rock.ru
49、bble, nrough stones of irregular shapes and sizes, broken from larger masses either naturally or artificially, as by geologicalaction, in quarrying, or in stone cutting or blasting.saturates, na mixture of paraffinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons that on percolation in a paraffinic solvent are not adsorbed onthe adsorbing medium. Other compounds such as naphthenic and polar aromatics are adsorbed thus permitting the separationof the saturate fraction.DISCUSSIONThe saturates fraction should be ident
