1、Designation: D86 15Standard Test Method forDistillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels atAtmospheric Pressure1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D86; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the
3、 atmospheric distillation ofpetroleum products and liquid fuels using a laboratory batchdistillation unit to determine quantitatively the boiling rangecharacteristics of such products as light and middle distillates,automotive spark-ignition engine fuels with or without oxy-genates (see Note 1), avi
4、ation gasolines, aviation turbine fuels,diesel fuels, biodiesel blends up to 20 %, marine fuels, specialpetroleum spirits, naphthas, white spirits, kerosines, andGrades 1 and 2 burner fuels.NOTE 1An interlaboratory study was conducted in 2008 involving 11different laboratories submitting 15 data set
5、s and 15 different samples ofethanol-fuel blends containing 25 % volume, 50 % volume, and 75 %volume ethanol. The results indicate that the repeatability limits of thesesamples are comparable or within the published repeatability of themethod (with the exception of FBP of 75 % ethanol-fuel blends).
6、On thisbasis, it can be concluded that Test Method D86 is applicable toethanol-fuel blends such as Ed75 and Ed85 (Specification D5798) or otherethanol-fuel blends with greater than 10 % volume ethanol. See ASTMRR:D02-1694 for supporting data.21.2 The test method is designed for the analysis of disti
7、llatefuels; it is not applicable to products containing appreciablequantities of residual material.1.3 This test method covers both manual and automatedinstruments.1.4 Unless otherwise noted, the values stated in SI units areto be regarded as the standard. The values given in parenthesesare provided
8、 for information only.1.5 WARNINGMercury has been designated by manyregulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can causecentral nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, orits vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomaterials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and
9、mercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAswebsitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor addi-tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercuryand/or mercury containing products into your state or countrymay be prohibited
10、 by law.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Refe
11、renced Documents2.1 All standards are subject to revision, and parties toagreement on this test method are to apply the most recentedition of the standards indicated below, unless otherwisespecified, such as in contractual agreements or regulatory ruleswhere earlier versions of the method(s) identif
12、ied may berequired.2.2 ASTM Standards:3D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products(Reid Method)D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and Lubric
13、antsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline andGasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct
14、 responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.08 on Volatility.In the IP, the equivalent test method is published under the designation IP 123.It is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. Originallyapproved in 1921. Last previous
15、edition approved in 2012 as D86 12. DOI:10.1520/D0086-15.2Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1694.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceas
16、tm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United Sta
17、tes1D5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Automatic Method) (Withdrawn 2012)4D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini Method)D5798 Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition EnginesD5842 Practice for Sampling and
18、Handling of Fuels forVolatility MeasurementD5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)D5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Tilt Method)D5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Rotational Method)D6300 Practice for
19、 Determination of Precision and BiasData for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products andLubricantsD6708 Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improvementof Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods thatPurport to Measure the Same Property of a MaterialE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass
20、 ThermometersE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mometersE1272 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Cylin-dersE1405 Specification for Laboratory Glass Distillation Flasks2.3 Energy Institute Standards:5IP 69 Determination of Vapour PressureReid MethodIP 123 Petroleum Prod
21、uctsDetermination of DistillationCharacteristicsIP 394 Determination of Air Saturated Vapour PressureIP Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleumand Related Products 1996Appendix A3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 decomposition, nof a hydrocarbon, the pyrolysis orcracking of a molecul
22、e yielding smaller molecules with lowerboiling points than the original molecule.3.1.2 decomposition point, nin distillation, the correctedtemperature reading that coincides with the first indications ofthermal decomposition of the specimen.3.1.3 dry point, nin distillation, the corrected temperatur
23、ereading at the instant the last drop of liquid evaporates from thelowest point in the flask.3.1.4 dynamic holdup, nin D86 distillation, the amount ofmaterial present in the neck of the flask, in the sidearm of theflask, and in the condenser tube during the distillation.3.1.5 emergent stem effect, n
24、the offset in temperaturereading caused by the use of total immersion mercury-in-glassthermometers in the partial immersion mode.3.1.5.1 DiscussionIn the partial immersion mode, a por-tion of the mercury thread, that is, the emergent portion, is ata lower temperature than the immersed portion, resul
25、ting in ashrinkage of the mercury thread and a lower temperaturereading.3.1.6 end point (EP) or final boiling point (FBP), nthemaximum corrected thermometer reading obtained during thetest.3.1.6.1 DiscussionThis usually occurs after the evapora-tion of all liquid from the bottom of the flask. The te
26、rmmaximum temperature is a frequently used synonym.3.1.7 front end loss, nloss due to evaporation duringtransfer from receiving cylinder to distillation flask, vapor lossduring the distillation, and uncondensed vapor in the flask atthe end of the distillation.3.1.8 fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85), nblend o
27、f ethanol andhydrocarbon of which the ethanol portion is nominally 75 to 85volume % denatured fuel ethanol. D41753.1.9 initial boiling point (IBP), nin D86 distillation, thecorrected temperature reading at the instant the first drop ofcondensate falls from the lower end of the condenser tube.3.1.10
28、percent evaporated, nin distillation, the sum of thepercent recovered and the percent loss.3.1.10.1 percent loss, n in distillation, one hundred minusthe percent total recovery.3.1.10.2 corrected loss, npercent loss corrected for baro-metric pressure.3.1.11 percent recovered, nin distillation, the v
29、olume ofcondensate collected relative to the sample charge.3.1.11.1 percent recovery, nin distillation, maximum per-cent recovered relative to the sample charge.3.1.11.2 corrected percent recovery, nin distillation, thepercent recovery, adjusted for the corrected percent loss.3.1.11.3 percent total
30、recovery, nin distillation, the com-bined percent recovery and percent residue.3.1.12 percent residue, nin distillation, the volume ofresidue relative to the sample charge.3.1.13 rate of change (or slope), nthe change in tempera-ture reading per percent evaporated or recovered, as describedin 13.2.3
31、.1.14 sample charge, nthe amount of sample used in atest.3.1.15 temperature lag, nthe offset between the tempera-ture reading obtained by a temperature sensing device and thetrue temperature at that time.3.1.16 temperature measurement device, na thermometer,as described in 6.3.1, or a temperature se
32、nsor, as described in6.3.2.3.1.16.1 temperature reading, nthe temperature obtainedby a temperature measuring device or system that is equal tothe thermometer reading described in 3.1.16.3.3.1.16.2 corrected temperature reading, nthe temperaturereading, as described in 3.1.16.1, corrected for baromet
33、ricpressure.4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.5Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.D861523.1.16.3 thermometer reading (or thermometer result),nthe temperature of the saturated vapor
34、 measured in the neckof the flask below the vapor tube, as determined by theprescribed thermometer under the conditions of the test.3.1.16.4 corrected thermometer reading, nthe thermom-eter reading, as described in 3.1.16.3, corrected for barometricpressure.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Based on its
35、composition, vapor pressure, expected IBPor expected EP, or combination thereof, the sample is placed inone of four groups. Apparatus arrangement, condensertemperature, and other operational variables are defined by thegroup in which the sample falls.4.2 A 100 mL specimen of the sample is distilled
36、underprescribed conditions for the group in which the sample falls.The distillation is performed in a laboratory batch distillationunit at ambient pressure under conditions that are designed toprovide approximately one theoretical plate fractionation. Sys-tematic observations of temperature readings
37、 and volumes ofcondensate are made, depending on the needs of the user of thedata. The volume of the residue and the losses are alsorecorded.4.3 At the conclusion of the distillation, the observed vaportemperatures can be corrected for barometric pressure and thedata are examined for conformance to
38、proceduralrequirements, such as distillation rates. The test is repeated ifany specified condition has not been met.4.4 Test results are commonly expressed as percent evapo-rated or percent recovered versus corresponding temperature,either in a table or graphically, as a plot of the distillationcurv
39、e.5. Significance and Use5.1 The basic test method of determining the boiling rangeof a petroleum product by performing a simple batch distilla-tion has been in use as long as the petroleum industry hasexisted. It is one of the oldest test methods under the jurisdic-tion of ASTM Committee D02, datin
40、g from the time when itwas still referred to as the Engler distillation. Since the testmethod has been in use for such an extended period, atremendous number of historical data bases exist for estimatingend-use sensitivity on products and processes.5.2 The distillation (volatility) characteristics o
41、f hydrocar-bons have an important effect on their safety and performance,especially in the case of fuels and solvents. The boiling rangegives information on the composition, the properties, and thebehavior of the fuel during storage and use. Volatility is themajor determinant of the tendency of a hy
42、drocarbon mixture toproduce potentially explosive vapors.5.3 The distillation characteristics are critically importantfor both automotive and aviation gasolines, affecting starting,warm-up, and tendency to vapor lock at high operatingtemperature or at high altitude, or both. The presence of highboil
43、ing point components in these and other fuels can signifi-cantly affect the degree of formation of solid combustiondeposits.5.4 Volatility, as it affects rate of evaporation, is an impor-tant factor in the application of many solvents, particularlythose used in paints.5.5 Distillation limits are oft
44、en included in petroleum prod-uct specifications, in commercial contract agreements, processrefinery/control applications, and for compliance to regulatoryrules.6. Apparatus6.1 Basic Components of the Apparatus:6.1.1 The basic components of the distillation unit are thedistillation flask, the conden
45、ser and associated cooling bath, ametal shield or enclosure for the distillation flask, the heatsource, the flask support, the temperature measuring device,and the receiving cylinder to collect the distillate.6.1.2 Figs. 1 and 2 are examples of manual distillation units.6.1.3 In addition to the basi
46、c components described in 6.1.1,automated units also are equipped with a system to measureand automatically record the temperature and the associatedrecovered volume in the receiving cylinder.6.2 Adetailed description of the apparatus is given in AnnexA2.6.3 Temperature Measuring Device:6.3.1 Mercur
47、y-in-glass thermometers, if used, shall be filledwith an inert gas, graduated on the stem and enamel backed.They shall conform to Specification E1 or IPStandard Methodsfor Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products1996Appendix A, or both, for thermometers ASTM 7C/IP5C and ASTM 7F for the
48、 low range thermometers, and ASTM8C/IP 6C and ASTM 8F for the high range thermometers.FIG. 1 Apparatus Assembly Using Gas BurnerD861531Condenser bath 11Distillation flask2Bath cover 12Temperature sensor3Bath temperature sensor 13Flask support board4Bath overflow 14Flask support platform5Bath drain 1
49、5Ground connection6Condenser tube 16Electric heater7Shield 17Knob for adjusting level8Viewing window of support platform9aVoltage regulator 18Power source cord9bVoltmeter or ammeter 19Receiver cylinder9cPower switch 20Receiver cooling bath9dPower light indicator 21Receiver cover10VentFIG. 2 Apparatus Assembly Using Electric HeaterD861546.3.1.1 Thermometers that have been exposed for an ex-tended period above an observed temperature of 370 C shallnot be reused without a verification of the ice point or checkedas prescrib
