1、Designation: D 88 07American Association StateHighway and Transportation Officials StandardAASHTO No: T72Method 304Federal TestMethod Standard No. 791bReplaces Method 4285 of Federal TestMethod Standard No. 141AStandard Test Method forSaybolt Viscosity1This standard is issued under the fixed designa
2、tion D 88; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or
3、reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the empirical procedures fordetermining the Saybolt Universal or Saybolt Furol viscositiesof petroleum products at specified temperatures between 21and 99C (70 and 210F). A
4、 special procedure for waxyproducts is indicated.NOTE 1Test Methods D 445 and D 2170 are preferred for the deter-mination of kinematic viscosity. They require smaller samples and lesstime, and provide greater accuracy. Kinematic viscosities may be con-verted to Saybolt viscosities by use of the tabl
5、es in Practice D 2161.Itisrecommended that viscosity indexes be calculated from kinematic ratherthan Saybolt viscosities.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of t
6、hesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D93 Test Methods for Flash
7、 Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD117 Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifica-tions for Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum OriginD 140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous MaterialsD 244 Test Methods and Practices for Emulsified AsphaltsD 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of T
8、ransparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D 2161 Practice for Conversion of Kinematic Viscosity toSaybolt Universal Viscosity or to Saybolt Furol ViscosityD 2170 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts(Bitumens)D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPet
9、roleum ProductsD 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposesE 102 Test Method for Saybolt Furol Viscosity of Bitumi-nous Materials at High Temperatures3. T
10、erminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Furolan acronym of “Fuel and road oils.”3.1.2 Saybolt Furol viscositythe corrected efflux time inseconds of 60 mL of sample flowing through a calibrated Furolorifice under specified conditions. The viscosity value isreported in Saybolt Furol seconds, abbreviated SFS,
11、at aspecified temperature.3.1.3 Saybolt Universal viscositythe corrected efflux timein seconds of 60 mL of sample flowing through a calibratedUniversal orifice under specified conditions. The viscosity1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D08 on Roofingand Waterproofing and is
12、 the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.05 onSolvent-Bearing Bituminous Compounds for Roofing and Waterproofing.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published November 2007. Originallyapproved in 1921. In 1923, combined with former Methods D 47. Last previousedition approved in 2005 as D 88
13、 94 (2005).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dri
14、ve, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.value is reported in Saybolt Universal seconds, abbreviatedSUS, at a specified temperature.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The efflux time in seconds of 60 mL of sample, flowingthrough a calibrated orifice, is measured under carefullycont
15、rolled conditions. This time is corrected by an orificefactor and reported as the viscosity of the sample at thattemperature.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is useful in characterizing certainpetroleum products, as one element in establishing uniformityof shipments and sources of supply.
16、5.2 See Guide D117for applicability to mineral oils used aselectrical insulating oils.5.3 The Saybolt Furol viscosity is approximately one tenththe Saybolt Universal viscosity, and is recommended forcharacterization of petroleum products such as fuel oils andother residual materials having Saybolt U
17、niversal viscositiesgreater than 1000 s.5.4 Determination of the Saybolt Furol viscosity of bitumi-nous materials at higher temperatures is covered by TestMethod E 102.6. Apparatus6.1 Saybolt Viscometer and Bath, as shown in Fig. 1 anddescribed in Annex A1.6.2 Withdrawal Tube, as shown in Fig. 2.6.3
18、 Thermometer Support, as shown in Fig. 3.6.4 Saybolt Viscosity Thermometers, as listed in Table 1, forreading the temperature of the sample. Each thermometer shallconform to the requirements listed in Specification E1for thatASTM Thermometer Number.6.5 Bath ThermometersSaybolt Viscosity thermometers
19、,or any other temperature-indicating means of equivalent accu-racy.6.6 Filter Funnel, as shown in Fig. 4, equipped withinterchangeable 150-m (No. 100) and 75-m (No. 200)wire-cloth inserts meeting the requirements of SpecificationE11with respect to the wire cloth.6.7 Receiving Flask, as shown in Fig.
20、 5.NOTE 1All dimensions are in millimetres (inches).FIG. 1 Saybolt Viscometer with Universal and Furol OrificeD880726.8 Timer, graduated in tenths of a second, and accurate towithin 0.1 % when tested over a 60-min interval. Electrictimers are acceptable if operated on a controlled frequencycircuit.7
21、. Sampling7.1 Sample the material in accordance with Practices D 140,D 4057, or D 4177, as appropriate.8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Use a Universal orifice or tip for lubricants and distil-lates with efflux times greater than 32 s to give the desiredaccuracy. Liquids with efflux times greater than
22、 1000 s are notconveniently tested with this orifice.8.2 Use a Furol orifice or tip for residual materials withefflux times greater than 25 s to give the desired accuracy. Seealso 5.3.8.3 Clean the viscometer thoroughly with an appropriatesolvent of low toxicity; then remove all solvent from thevisc
23、ometer and its gallery. Clean the receiving flask in the samemanner.NOTE 2The plunger commonly supplied with the viscometer shouldnever be used for cleaning; its use might damage the overflow rim andwalls of the viscometer.8.4 Set up the viscometer and bath in an area where theywill not be exposed t
24、o drafts or rapid changes in air tempera-ture, and dust or vapors that might contaminate a sample.8.5 Place the receiving flask (Fig. 5) beneath the viscometerso that the graduation mark on the flask is from 100 to 130 mm(4 to 5 in.) below the bottom of the viscometer tube, and so thatthe stream of
25、oil will just strike the neck of the flask.8.6 Fill the bath to at least 6 mm (14 in.) above the overflowrim of the viscometer with an appropriate bath mediumselected from Table 2.8.7 Provide adequate stirring and thermal control for thebath so that the temperature of a test sample in the viscometer
26、will not vary more than 60.03C (60.05F) after reaching theselected test temperature.8.8 Do not make viscosity measurements at temperaturesbelow the dew point of the rooms atmosphere.NOTE 1All dimensions are in millimetres (inches).FIG. 2 Withdrawal Tube for Use with Saybolt ViscometerNOTE 1All dimen
27、sions are in millimetres (inches).FIG. 3 Thermometer SupportTABLE 1 ASTM Saybolt Viscosity ThermometersStandard TestTemperatureC (F)ASTMThermometerNo.ThermometerRange C (F) Subdivisions, C (F)21.1 (70) 17C (17F) 19 to 27(66to80)0.1 (0.2)25.0 (77) 17C (17F) 19 to 27(66to80)0.1 (0.2)37.8 (100) 18C (18
28、F) 34 to 42(94 to 108)0.1 (0.2)50.0 (122) 19C (19F) 49 to 57(120 to 134)0.1 (0.2)54.4 (130) 19C (19F) 49 to 57(120 to 134)0.1 (0.2)60.0 (140) 20C (20F) 57 to 65(134 to 148)0.1 (0.2)82.2 (180) 21C (21F) 79 to 87(174 to 188)0.1 (0.2)98.9 (210) 22C (22F) 95 to 103(204 to 218)0.1 (0.2)D880738.9 For cali
29、bration and referee tests, keep the room tem-perature between 20 and 30C (68 and 86F), and record theactual temperature. However room temperatures up to 38C(100F) will not introduce errors in excess of 1 %.9. Calibration and Standardization9.1 Calibrate the Saybolt Universal viscometer at periodicin
30、tervals by measuring the efflux time at 37.8C (100F) of anappropriate viscosity oil standard, following the proceduregiven in Section 10. See Annex A2 for viscosity oil standardsavailable.9.2 The efflux time of the viscosity oil standard shall equalthe certified Saybolt viscosity value. If the efflu
31、x time differsfrom the certified value by more than 0.2 %, calculate acorrection factor, F, for the viscometer as follows:F 5 V/t (1)where:V = certified Saybolt viscosity of the standard, andt = measured efflux time at 37.8C (100F), s.NOTE 3If the calibration is based on a viscosity oil standard hav
32、ing anefflux time between 200 and 600 s, the correction factor applies to allNOTE 1All dimensions are in millimetres (inches).FIG. 4 Filter Funnel for Use with Saybolt ViscometerD88074viscosity levels at all temperatures.9.3 Calibrate the Saybolt Furol viscometer at 50.0C(122F) in the same manner as
33、 above, using a viscosity oilstandard having a minimum efflux time of 90 s.9.4 Viscometers or orifices requiring corrections greaterthan 1.0 % shall not be used in referee testing.10. Procedure10.1 Establish and control the bath temperature at theselected test temperature.10.1.1 Standard test temper
34、atures for measuring SayboltUniversal viscosities are 21.1, 37.8, 54.4, and 98.9C (70, 100,130, and 210F).10.1.2 Standard test temperatures for measuring SayboltFurol viscosities are 25.0, 37.8, 50.0, and 98.9C (77, 100, 122,and 210F).10.1.3 Other standard test temperatures in use include 60.0and 82
35、.2C (140 and 180F).10.2 Insert a cork stopper, having a cord attached for itseasy removal, into the air chamber at the bottom of theviscometer. The cork shall fit tightly enough to prevent theescape of air, as evidenced by the absence of oil on the corkwhen it is withdrawn later as described.10.3 If
36、 the selected test temperature is above room tempera-ture, the test may be expedited by preheating the sample in itsoriginal container to not more than 1.7C (3.0F) above the testtemperature. Never preheat any sample to within 28C (50F)of its flash point (see Test Methods D93), because volatilityloss
37、es might alter its composition.10.4 Stir the sample well; then strain it through the 150-m(No. 100) wire cloth in the filter funnel directly into theviscometer until the level is above the overflow rim.10.5 The viscosities of steam-refined cylinder oils, blacklubricating oils, residual fuel oils, an
38、d similar waxy productscan be affected by their thermal histories. Use the followingpreheating procedure with such products to obtain uniformresults at temperatures below 93C (200F):10.5.1 Heat the sample in its original container to about50C (122F), with stirring and shaking to dissolve and blendwa
39、xy materials. Probe the bottom of the container with astirring rod to be certain that all waxy materials are in solution,and mix well.10.5.2 Pour about 100 mL into a 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask.Stopper loosely with a cork or rubber stopper.10.5.3 Immerse the flask in a bath of boiling water for 30min.10
40、.5.4 Mix well, remove the sample from the boiling waterbath, wipe the outside of the flask dry, and strain the samplethrough the 75-m (No. 200) wire cloth in the filter funneldirectly into the viscometer until the level is above theoverflow rim.10.6 Stir the sample in the viscometer with the appropr
41、iateviscosity thermometer equipped with the thermometer support(Fig. 3). Use a circular motion at 30 to 50 rpm in a horizontalplane. When the sample temperature remains constant within0.03C (0.05F) of the test temperature during 1 min ofcontinuous stirring, remove the thermometer.NOTE 4Never attempt
42、 to adjust the temperature by immersing hot orcold bodies in the sample. Such thermal treatment might affect the sampleand the precision of the test.10.7 Immediately place the tip of the withdrawal tube (Fig.2) in the gallery at one point, and apply suction to remove oiluntil its level in the galler
43、y is below the overflow rim. Do nottouch the overflow rim with the withdrawal tube; the effectiveliquid head of the sample would be reduced.10.8 Check to be sure that the receiving flask is in properposition; then snap the cork from the viscometer using theattached cord, and start the timer at the s
44、ame instant.10.9 Stop the timer the instant the bottom of the oilmeniscus reaches the graduation mark on the receiving flask.Record the efflux time in seconds to the nearest 0.1 s.11. Calculation and Report11.1 Multiply the efflux time by the correction factor for theviscometer determined in 9.2.11.
45、2 Report the corrected efflux time as the Saybolt Univer-sal or Saybolt Furol viscosity of the oil at the temperature atwhich the test was made.11.2.1 Report values below 200 SUS or SFS to the nearest0.1 s. Report values of 200 s or higher to the nearest wholesecond.12. Precision and Bias12.1 Result
46、s should not differ from the mean by more thanthe following (see Note 5):12.1.1 Repeatability (one operator and apparatus)1 %.12.1.2 Reproducibility (different operators and apparatus)2%.NOTE 5For petroleum products, the precision and bias is based ondata from Test Method E 102. For emulsion, use pr
47、ecision and biasstatement in Test Method D 244, Section 38.NOTE 1All dimensions are in millimetres.FIG. 5 Receiving FlaskD8807513. Keywords13.1 bituminous materials; kinematic; saybolt; viscosityANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1. SAYBOLT VISCOMETER AND ACCESSORIESA1.1 ViscometerThe viscometer, illust
48、rated in Fig. 1,shall be constructed entirely of corrosion-resistant metal,conforming to dimensional requirements shown in Fig. 1. Theorifice tip, Universal or Furol, may be constructed as areplaceable unit in the viscometer. Provide a nut at the lowerend of the viscometer for fastening it in the ba
49、th. Mountvertically in the bath and test the alignment with a spirit levelon the plane of the gallery rim. Provide a cork or other suitablemeans to prevent the flow of sample until the start of the test;a small chain or cord may be attached to the cork to facilitaterapid removal.A1.2 BathThe bath serves both as a support to hold theviscometer in a vertical position as well as the container for thebath medium. Equip the bath with effective insulation and withan efficient stirring device. Provide the bath with a coil forhea
