1、Designation: D910 11D910 13 An American National StandardStandard Specification forAviation Gasolines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D910; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers formulating specifica
3、tions for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intendedprimarily for use by purchasing agencies.1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviation gasolines for civil use. It does not include all gasolines satisfactory forreciprocating aviation engines. Certain equipment or co
4、nditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range ofcharacteristics than is shown by this specification.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D86 Test Met
5、hod for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup TesterD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)D357 M
6、ethod of Test for Knock Characteristics of Motor Fuels Below 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method; Replaced byD 2700 (Withdrawn 1969)3D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet EvaporationD614 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Aviation Fuels by the Aviation Method; Replaced by D 270
7、0 (Withdrawn1970)3D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue Method)D909 Test Method for Supercharge Rating of Spark-Ignition Aviation GasolineD1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation FuelsD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)D129
8、8 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products byHydrometer MethodD1948 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Motor Fuels Above 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method; Replacedby D 2700 (Withdrawn 1968)3D2386 Test Method for Freezing
9、 Point of Aviation FuelsD2392 Test Method for Color of Dyed Aviation GasolinesD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation and Distillate FuelsD2700 Test Method for Motor Octane N
10、umber of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation FuelsD3341 Test Method for Lead in GasolineIodine Monochloride MethodD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual
11、 Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.J0.02on Aviation Gasoline.Current edition approved May 1, 2011May 1, 2013. Published May 2011 Ma
12、y 2013. Originally approved in 1947 (replacing former D615). Last previous edition approvedin 20072011 as D91007a.11. DOI: 10.1520/D0910-11.10.1520/D0910-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of AST
13、M Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of wh
14、at changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered th
15、e official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleu
16、m and Petroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation FuelsD4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)D
17、4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation FuelsD5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray SpectroscopyD5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod
18、ucts (Automatic Method) (Withdrawn 2012)3D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel SystemsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications3. Terminology3.1 Defin
19、itions:3.1.1 aviation gasoline, ngasoline possessing specific properties suitable for fueling aircraft powered by reciprocating sparkignition engines.3.1.1.1 DiscussionPrincipal properties include volatility limits, stability, detonation-free performance in the engine for which it is intended, andsu
20、itability for low temperature performance.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 LLlow lead3.2.2 VLLvery low lead4. General4.1 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribes the required properties of aviation gasoline at the time and placeof delivery.5. Classification5.1 Five grades of leaded aviation
21、gasoline are provided, known as:Grade 80Grade 91Grade 100Grade 100LLGrade 100VLLNOTE 1The above grade names are based on their octane/performance numbers as measured by the now obsolete Test Method D614 (Discontinued1970). A table for converting octane/performance numbers obtained by Test Method D27
22、00 motor method into aviation ratings was last published inSpecification D91094 in the 1995 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.5.2 Grades 100, 100LL, and 100VLL represent aviation gasolines identical in minimum antiknock quality but differing inmaximum lead content and color. The color identif
23、ies the difference for engines that have a low tolerance to lead.NOTE 2Listing of, and requirements for, Avgas Grades 91/98, 108/135 and 115/145 appeared in the 1967 version of this specification. U.S. MilitarySpecification MIL-G-5572F, dated January 24, 1978 (withdrawn March 22, 1988), also covers
24、grade 115/145 aviation gasoline, and is available as aresearch report.45.3 Although the grade designations show only a single octane rating for each grade, they shall meet a minimum lean mixturemotor rating and a minimum rich mixture supercharge rating (see X1.2.2).6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Av
25、iation gasoline, except as otherwise specified in this specification, shall consist of blends of refined hydrocarbons derivedfrom crude petroleum, natural gasoline, or blends, thereof, with synthetic hydrocarbons or aromatic hydrocarbons, or both.6.2 AdditivesMandatory, shall be added to each grade
26、of aviation gasoline in the amount and of the composition specified inthe following list of approved materials.4 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1255.D910 1326.2.1 Tetraethyl Lead, shall be added in the form
27、of an antiknock mixture containing not less than 61 mass % of tetraethyl leadand sufficient ethylene dibromide to provide two bromine atoms per atom of lead. The balance shall contain no added ingredientsother than kerosine, an approved oxidation inhibitor, and blue dye, as specified herein. The max
28、imum concentration limit for eachgrade of gasoline is specified in Table 1.TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Aviation GasolinesAGrade80Grade91Grade100VLLGrade100LLGrade100ASTM TestMethodBOctane RatingsKnock value, lean mixtureCMotor Octane Number min 80.7 90.8 99.6 99.6 99.6 D2700Aviation Lean Ratin
29、g min 80.0 91.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 D2700Knock value, rich mixtureOctane number min 87 98 D909Performance numberD,E min 130.0 130.0 130.0 D909Tetraethyl lead, mL D3341 or D5059TEL/L max 0.13 0.53 0.43 0.53 1.06gPb/L max 0.14 0.56 0.45 0.56 1.12Color red brown blue blue green D2392Dye contentFBlue dye,
30、 mg/L max 0.2 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.7Yellow dye, mg/L max none none none none 2.8Red dye, mg/L max 2.3 2.7 none none noneOrange dye, mg/L max none 6.0 none none noneRequirements for All GradesDensity at 15C, kg/m3 Report D1298 or D4052Distillation D86Initial boiling point, C ReportFuel Evaporated10 volume %
31、 at C max 7540 volume % at C min 7550 volume % at C max 10590 volume % at C max 135Final boiling point, C max 170Sum of 10 % + 50 % evaporatedtemperatures, Cmin 135Recovery volume % min 97Residue volume % max 1.5Loss volume % max 1.5Vapor pressure, 38C, kPa minmax38.049.0D323 or D5190or D5191GFreezi
32、ng point, C max 58H D2386Sulfur, mass % max 0.05 D1266 or D2622Net heat of combustion, MJ/kgI min 43.5 D4529 or D3338Corrosion, copper strip, 2 h at 100C max No. 1 D130Oxidation stability (5 h aging)J,K D873Potential gum, mg/100 mL max 6Lead precipitate, mg/100 mL max 3Water reaction D1094Volume cha
33、nge, mL max 2Electrical conductivity, pS/m max 450L D2624A For compliance of test results against the requirements of Table 1, see 7.2.B The test methods indicated in this table are referred to in Section 11.C Both Motor Octane Number (MON) and Aviation Lean Mixture values shall be reported.D A perf
34、ormance number of 130.0 is equivalent to a knock value determined using iso-octane plus 0.34 mL TEL/L.E Knock ratings shall be reported to the nearest 0.1 octane/performance number.F The maximum dye concentrations shown do not include solvent in dyes supplied in liquid form.G Test Method D5191 shall
35、 be the referee vapor pressure method.H If no crystals have appeared on cooling to 58C, the freezing point may be reported as less than 58C.I For all grades use either Eq 1 or Table 1 in Test Method D4529 or Eq 2 in Test Method D3338. Test Method D4809 may be used as an alternative. In case of dispu
36、te,Test Method D4809 shall be used.J If mutually agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier, a 16 h aging gum requirement may be specified instead of the 5 h aging gum test; in such case thegum content shall not exceed 10 mg/100 mL and the visible lead precipitate shall not exceed 4 mg/100 m
37、L. In such fuel the permissible antioxidant shall not exceed 24mg/L.K Test Method D381 existent gum test can provide a means of detecting quality deterioration or contamination, or both, with heavier products following distribution fromrefinery to airport. Refer to X1.7.1.L Applies only when an elec
38、trical conductivity additive is used; when a customer specifies fuel containing conductivity additive, the following conductivity limits shall applyunder the condition at point of use:Minimum 50 pS/mMaximum 450 pS/m.The supplier shall report the amount of additive added.D910 1336.2.1.1 If mutually a
39、greed upon by the fuel producer and additive vendor, tetraethyl lead antiknock mixture may be diluted with20 mass % of a mixed aromatic solvent having a minimum flash point of 60C according to Test Methods D93 when the productis to be handled in cold climates. The TEL content of the dilute product i
40、s reduced to 49 mass %, so that the amount of antiknockadditive must be adjusted to achieve the necessary lead level. The dilute product still delivers two bromine atoms per atom of lead.6.2.2 DyesThe maximum concentration limits in each grade of gasoline are specified in Table 1.6.2.2.1 The only bl
41、ue dye that shall be present in the finished gasoline shall be essentially 1,4-dialkylaminoanthraquinone.6.2.2.2 The only yellow dyes that shall be present in the finished gasoline shall be essentially p-diethylaminoazobenzene (ColorIndex No. 11021) or 1,3-benzenediol 2,4-bis (alkylphenyl)azo-.6.2.2
42、.3 The only red dye that shall be present in the finished gasoline shall be essentially alkyl derivatives of azobenzene-4-azo-2-naphthol.6.2.2.4 The only orange dye that shall be present in the finished gasoline shall be essentially benzene-azo-2-napthol (ColorIndex No. 12055).6.3 AdditivesThese may
43、 be added to each grade of aviation gasoline in the amount and of the composition specified in thefollowing list of approved materials.5 The quantities and types shall be declared by the manufacturer. Additives added after thepoint of manufacture shall also be declared.6.3.1 AntioxidantsThe followin
44、g oxidation inhibitors may be added to the gasoline separately, or in combination, in totalconcentration not to exceed 12 mg of inhibitor (not including weight of solvent) per litre of fuel.6.3.1.1 2,6-ditertiary butyl-4-methylphenol.6.3.1.2 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol.6.3.1.3 2,6-ditertiary
45、 butylphenol.6.3.1.4 75 % minimum 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol plus 25 % maximum mixed tertiary and tritertiary butylphenols.6.3.1.5 75 % minimum di- and tri-isopropyl phenols plus 25 % maximum di- and tri-tertiary butylphenols.6.3.1.6 72 % minimum 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol plus 28 % maximum
46、 monomethyl and dimethyl tertiary butylphe-nols.6.3.1.7 N,N-di-isopropyl-para-phenylenediamine.6.3.1.8 N,N-di-secondary-butyl-para-phenylenediamine.6.3.2 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII)One of the following may be used.6.3.2.1 Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA, propan-2-ol), in accordance with the requiremen
47、ts of Specification D4171 (Type II). May beused in concentrations recommended by the aircraft manufacturer when required by the aircraft owner/operator.NOTE 3Addition of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) may reduce knock ratings below minimum specification values (see X1.2.4).66.3.2.2 Di-Ethylene Glycol Monom
48、ethyl Ether (Di-EGME), conforming to the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type III).May be used in concentrations of 0.10 to 0.15 volume % when required by the aircraft owner/operator.6.3.2.3 Test Method D5006 can be used to determine the concentration of Di-EGME in aviation fuels.6.3.3 Electric
49、al Conductivity AdditiveStadis 4507 in concentrations up to 3 mg/L is permitted. When loss of fuel conductivitynecessitates retreatment with electrical conductivity additive, further addition is permissible up to a maximum cumulative level of5 mg/L of Stadis 450.6.3.4 Corrosion Inhibitor AdditiveThe following corrosion inhibitors may be added to the gasoline in concentrations not toexceed the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) listed for each additive.DCI-4A MAC = 22.5 g/m3DCI-4A MAC = 24 g/m3DCI-6A MAC = 9.0 g/m3DCI-6A MAC = 15 g/m3HITEC
