1、Designation: D92 12aD92 12b American Association StateHighway and Transportation Officials StandardAASHTO No.: T48DIN 51 376Standard Test Method forFlash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D92; the number immediately following the designa
2、tion indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agenci
3、es of the Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONThis flash point and fire point test method is a dynamic method and depends on definite rates oftemperature increases to control the precision of the test method. Its primary use is for viscousmaterials having flash point of 79C (175F) and above. It is als
4、o used to determine fire point, whichis a temperature above the flash point, at which the test specimen will support combustion for aminimum of 5 s. Do not confuse this test method with Test Method D4206, which is a sustainedburning test, open cup type, at a specific temperature of 49C (120F).Flash
5、point values are a function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, andthe operational procedure carried out. Flash point can therefore only be defined in terms of a standardtest method, and no general valid correlation can be guaranteed between results obtained by differenttes
6、t methods, or with test apparatus different from that specified.1. Scope*1.1 This test method describes the determination of the flash point and fire point of petroleum products by a manual Clevelandopen cup apparatus or an automated Cleveland open cup apparatus.NOTE 1The precisions for fire point w
7、ere not determined in the current interlaboratory program. Fire point is a parameter that is not commonlyspecified, although in some cases, knowledge of this flammability temperature may be desired.1.2 This test method is applicable to all petroleum products with flash points above 79C (175F) and be
8、low 400C (752F)except fuel oils.NOTE 2This test method may occasionally be specified for the determination of the fire point of a fuel oil. For the determination of the flash pointsof fuel oils, use Test Method D93. Test Method D93 should also be used when it is desired to determine the possible pre
9、sence of small, but significant,concentrations of lower flash point substances that may escape detection by Test Method D92. Test Method D1310 can be employed if the flash pointis known to be below 79C (175F).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in p
10、arentheses are for information only.1.4 WARNINGMercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause centralnervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Cautionshould be taken when hand
11、ling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet(MSDS) for details and EPAs websitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should be awarethat selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country m
12、ay be prohibited by law.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior
13、to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.4, 7.1, 11.1.3, and 11.2.4.1 This test method is under the joint jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.08on Volatility. In the IP, this test method is under the jurisd
14、iction of the Standardization Committee. This test method was adopted as a joint ASTM-IP standard in 1965.Current edition approved November 2012. Published December 2012March 2013. Originally approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D9212.12a.DOI: 10.1520/D0092-12A.10.1520/D0092-1
15、2B.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior
16、editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-
17、2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup TesterD140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous MaterialsD1310 Test Method for Flash Point and Fire Point of Liquids by Tag Open-Cup ApparatusD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of
18、 Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4206 Test Method for Sustained Burning of Liquid Mixtures Using the Small Scale Open-Cup ApparatusE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE300 Practice for Sampling Industrial Che
19、micals2.2 Energy Institute Standard:3Specifications for IP Standard Thermometers2.3 ISO Standards:4Guide 34 Quality Systems Guidelines for the Production of Reference MaterialsGuide 35 Certification of Reference MaterialGeneral and Statistical Principles3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 dynamic, a
20、djin petroleum products, the condition where the vapor above the test specimen and the test specimen are notin temperature equilibrium at the time that the ignition source is applied.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThis is primarily caused by the heating of the test specimen at the constant prescribed rate with t
21、he vapor temperature laggingbehind the test specimen temperature.3.1.2 fire point, nin petroleum products, the lowest temperature corrected to a barometric pressure of 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg),at which application of an ignition source causes the vapors of a test specimen of the sample to ignite and su
22、stain burning for aminimum of 5 s under specified conditions of test.3.1.3 flash point, n in petroleum products, the lowest temperature corrected to a barometric pressure of 101.3 kPa (760 mmHg), at which application of an ignition source causes the vapors of a specimen of the sample to ignite under
23、 specified conditionsof test.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Approximately 70 mL of test specimen is filled into a test cup. The temperature of the test specimen is increased rapidlyat first and then at a slower constant rate as the flash point is approached. At specified intervals a test flame is pass
24、ed across thecup. The flash point is the lowest liquid temperature at which application of the test flame causes the vapors of the test specimenof the sample to ignite. To determine the fire point, the test is continued until the application of the test flame causes the testspecimen to ignite and su
25、stain burning for a minimum of 5 s.5. Significance and Use5.1 The flash point is one measure of the tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable mixture with air under controlledlaboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of properties that should be considered in assessing the overall fl
26、ammabilityhazard of a material.5.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and combustible materials. Consult the particularregulation involved for precise definitions of these classifications.5.3 Flash point can indicate the possible presence of highly volatile an
27、d flammable materials in a relatively nonvolatile ornonflammable material. For example, an abnormally low flash point on a test specimen of engine oil can indicate gasolinecontamination.5.4 This test method shall be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in
28、 response toheat and a test flame under controlled laboratory conditions and shall not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standard
29、svolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.4 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 100
30、36.D92 12b2of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test method may be used as elementsof a fire risk assessment that takes into account all of the factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particularend use.5.5 The fire p
31、oint is one measure of the tendency of the test specimen to support combustion.6. Apparatus6.1 Cleveland Open Cup Apparatus (manual)This apparatus consists of the test cup, heating plate, test flame applicator,heater, and supports described in detail in the Annex A1. The assembled manual apparatus,
32、heating plate, and cup are illustratedin Figs. 1-3, respectively. Dimensions are listed with the figures.6.2 Cleveland Open Cup Apparatus (automated)This apparatus is an automated flash point instrument that shall perform thetest in accordance with Section 11 Procedure. The apparatus shall use the t
33、est cup with the dimensions as described in Annex A1and the application of the test flame shall be as described in Annex A1.FIG. 1 Cleveland Open Cup ApparatusD92 12b36.3 Temperature Measuring DeviceA thermometer having the range as shown below and conforming to the requirementsprescribed in Specifi
34、cation E1 or in the Specifications for IP Standard Thermometers, or an electronic temperature measuringdevice, such as a resistance thermometer or thermocouple. The device shall exhibit the same temperature response as the mercurythermometers.Thermometer NumberTemperature Range ASTM IP6 to +400C 11C
35、 28C20 to 760F 11F6.4 Test FlameNatural gas (methane) flame and bottled gas (butane, propane) flame have been found acceptable for use asthe ignition source. The gas flame device is described in detail in Annex A1. (Warning Gas pressure supplied to the apparatusmust not be allowed to exceed 3 kPa (1
36、2 in.) of water pressure.)millimetres inchesmin max min maxA 6 7 0.236 0.276B 0.5 1.0 0.020 0.039C 6 7 0.236 0.276DDiameter 55 56 2.165 2.205EDiameter 69.5 70.5 2.736 2.776FDiameter 146 159 5.748 6.260FIG. 2 Heating PlateFIG. 3 Cleveland Open CupD92 12b47. Reagents and Materials7.1 Cleaning Solvents
37、Use suitable technical grade solvent capable of cleaning out the test specimen from the test cup anddrying the test cup. Some commonly used solvents are toluene and acetone. (WarningToluene, acetone, and many solvents areflammable. Health hazard. Dispose of solvents and waste material in accordance
38、with local regulations.)8. Sampling8.1 Obtain a sample in accordance with the instructions given in Practices D140, D4057, D4177 or E300.8.2 At least 70 mL of sample is required for each test. Refer to Practice D4057.8.3 Erroneously high flash points may be obtained if precautions are not taken to a
39、void the loss of volatile material. Do not opencontainers unnecessarily; this will prevent loss of volatile material and possible introduction of moisture. Do not make a transferof the sample unless the sample temperature is at least 56C (100F) below the expected flash point. When possible, flash po
40、intshould be the first test performed on a sample and the sample should be stored at low temperature.NOTE 3Typical sample storage temperature is normal room temperature or lower.8.4 Do not store samples in gas-permeable containers since volatile material may diffuse through the walls of the enclosur
41、e.Samples in leaky containers are suspect and not a source of valid results.8.5 Light hydrocarbons may be present in the form of gases, such as propane or butane, and may not be detected by testingbecause of losses during sampling and filling of the test cup.This is especially evident on heavy resid
42、uums or asphalts from solventextraction processes.8.6 Samples of very viscous materials can be warmed until they are reasonably fluid before they are tested. However, no sampleshall be heated more than is absolutely necessary. It shall never be heated above a temperature of 56C (100F) below its expe
43、ctedflash point. When the sample has been heated above this temperature, allow the sample to cool until it is at least 56C (100F)below the expected flash point before transferring.NOTE 4Typically, the sample containers for these types of samples will remain closed during the warming process.8.7 Samp
44、les containing dissolved or free water can be dehydrated with calcium chloride or by filtering through a qualitativefilter paper or a loose plug of dry absorbent cotton. Samples of very viscous materials can be warmed until they are reasonablyfluid before they are filtered, but they shall not be hea
45、ted for prolonged periods or above a temperature of 56C (100F) below itsexpected flash point.NOTE 5If the sample is suspected of containing volatile contaminants, the treatment described in 8.6 and 8.7 should be omitted.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Support the manual or automated apparatus on a le
46、vel steady surface, such as a table.9.2 Tests are to be performed in a draft-free room or compartment. Tests made in a laboratory hood or in any location wheredrafts occur are not to be relied upon.NOTE 6A draft shield is recommended to prevent drafts from disturbing the vapors above the test cup. T
47、his shield should cover at least three sidesof the test cup vicinity. Some apparatus may already include a built-in draft shield.NOTE 7With some samples whose vapors or products of pyrolysis are objectionable, it is permissible to place the apparatus along with a shield intoa hood, the draft of whic
48、h is adjusted so that the vapors may be withdrawn without causing air currents over the test cup during the final 56C (100F)rise in temperature prior to the flash point.9.3 Wash the test cup with the cleaning solvent to remove any test specimen or traces of gum or residue remaining from aprevious te
49、st. If any deposits of carbon are present, they should be removed with a material such as a very fine grade of steel wool.Ensure that the test cup is completely clean and dry before using again. If necessary, flush the test cup with cold water and dryfor a few minutes over an open flame or a hot plate to remove the last traces of solvent and water. Cool the test cup to at least56C (100F) below the expected flash point before using.9.4 Support the temperature measuring device in a vertical position with the bottom of the devi
