1、Designation: D 999 08Standard Test Methods forVibration Testing of Shipping Containers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 999; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i
2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover vibration tests of filled ship-ping containers. Such tests may be used to assess the perfor-mance of a container, with
3、 its interior packing and means ofclosure, both in terms of its strength and of the protection itprovides its contents when it is subjected to vibration such asit experiences in transportation. These procedures are suitablefor testing containers of any form, material, kind, design ofinterior packing
4、, means of closure, and any size and weight.They are not intended for determining the response of productsto vibration for product design purposes, nor are they intendedfor tests of products in their operational configuration as othermore suitable procedures are available for these purposes.2,31.2 T
5、he following methods appear:Method A1Repetitive Shock Test (Vertical Motion).Method A2Repetitive Shock Test (Rotary Motion).Method BSingle Container Resonance Test.Method CPalletized Load, Unitized Load, or VerticalStack Resonance Test.1.3 For testing of intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) con-taini
6、ng liquid hazardous materials, refer to Test MethodD 7387.1.4 These test methods fulfill the requirements of Interna-tional Organization for Standardization standards ISO 8318and ISO 2247. The ISO standards may not meet the require-ments for these methods.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units ar
7、e to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility
8、 of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distrib
9、ution Environ-mentsD 3580 Test Methods forVibration (Vertical Linear Motion)Test of ProductsD 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingD 7387 Test Method for Vibration Testing of
10、IntermediateBulk Containers (IBCs) Used for Shipping Liquid Hazard-ous Materials (Dangerous Goods)E 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristicof a Lot or Process2.2 ISO Standards:ISO 2247 PackagingComplete, Filled TransportPackages
11、Vibration Test at Fixed Low Frequency5ISO 8318 PackagingComplete, Filled TransportPackagesVibration Tests Using a Variable Frequency53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in these testmethods, see Terminology D 996.3.1.1 double amplitude, nthe maximum value of a sinu-soidal quan
12、tity (peak-to-peak).3.1.2 octave, nthe interval between two frequencies hav-ing a ratio of two (2).3.1.3 power spectral density (PSD), nused to quantify theintensity of random vibration in terms of mean-square accel-eration per unit of frequency. The units are g2/Hz (m/s2)2/Hz),where g is the accele
13、ration of gravity, equal to 386 in./s2(9.81These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.22 on PhysicalTest Methods.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published August 2008. Originallyapproved in 1948. Last p
14、revious edition approved in 2007 as D 999 07.2Military Standard Environmental Test Methods, MIL-STD-810F, Method 514,Vibration, available from www.dodssp.daps.mil/dodssp.htm.3International Electrotechnical Commission Recommendation, Publication 68-2-6, Part 2, Test F: Vibration, Basic Environmental
15、Testing Procedures forElectronic Components and Electrical Equipment, available from American Na-tional Standards Institute, Inc., 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. F
16、or Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
17、Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.m/s2). Power spectral density is the limiting mean square valuein a given rectangular bandwidth divided by the bandwidth, asthe bandwidth approaches zero.3.1.4 repetitive shock, nimpacts of a package on a testplatform which occur cyclically f
18、rom input oscillatory motion.3.1.5 resonance, nfor a system undergoing forced vibra-tion, the frequency at which any change of the excitingfrequency, positive and negative, in the vicinity of the excitingfrequency causes a decrease in the response of the system.4. Significance and Use4.1 Shipping co
19、ntainers are exposed to complex dynamicstresses when subjected to vibration present in all transporta-tion vehicles. Approximating the actual damage, or lack ofdamage, experienced in shipping may require subjecting thecontainer(s) and contents to vibration inputs.4.2 Resonant responses during shipme
20、nt can be severe andmay lead to package or product failure. Identification of criticalfrequencies, and the nature of package stresses can aid inminimizing the effect of these occurrences.4.3 Vibration tests should be based on representative fielddata. When possible, the confidence level may be impro
21、ved bycomparing laboratory test results with actual field shipmentdata. It is highly recommended that one understand the mostcommon failures to ones products and packaging in distribu-tion, and then attempt to replicate those failures in thelaboratory. Once such replication is established, then that
22、 testcan become the minimum necessary test for future packagedproducts to pass.4.4 Exposure to vibration can affect the shipping container,its interior packaging, means of closure, and contents. Thesetests allow analysis of the interaction of these components.Design modification to one or more of th
23、ese components maybe utilized to achieve optimum performance in the shippingenvironment.4.5 Methods A1 and A2, Repetitive Shock Tests, are suitablefor tests of individual containers that are transported unre-strained on the bed of a vehicle and may be suitable for tests ofcontainers that might be su
24、bjected to repetitive shocks due tomagnification of vibrations in unit loads or stacks.NOTE 1Methods A1 and A2 produce different vibration motions, andtherefore, will generate different forces which may result in differentdamage modes and intensities. Results from these two methods may notcorrelate
25、with one another.4.6 Method B, Single Container Resonance Test, tests ordetermines the ability of an individual container and its interiorpackaging to protect the contents from transportation vibration,particularly when the container and its contents might exhibitresonant responses.NOTE 2Individual
26、products that are palletized might be better testedusing Method C.4.7 Method C, Palletized Load, Unitized Load or VerticalStack Resonance Test, covers the determination of the presenceand the effects of resonance in palletized loads and multiple-unit stacked loads, and whether or not the strength of
27、 thecontainers is sufficient to withstand dynamic loads whenstacked.4.8 Any or all of these test methods may be employed, asdetermined by the appropriate performance specification, withtest intensities, frequency ranges, and test durations as calledfor in the specification.Although these tests do no
28、t simulate theshipping environment, they are intended to create the damage-producing potential of the shipping environment. Results ofany one of these methods may differ from the results of theothers.5. Apparatus5.1 Method A1Repetitive Shock Test (Vertical Motion):5.1.1 Vibration Test Machine, with
29、a platform having ahorizontal surface of sufficient strength and rigidity so that theapplied vibrations are essentially uniform over the entire testsurface when loaded with the test specimen. The platform shallbe supported by a mechanism that vibrates it so the motion isapproximately a vertical sinu
30、soidal input. (A rotary motion ofthe platform is not acceptable.) The double amplitude displace-ment of the vibration shall be fixed at or controlled to 1 in. (25mm), and the frequency shall be variable within the range from2 to at least 5 Hz (cycles per second). The vibration testmachine shall be e
31、quipped with fences, barricades, or otherrestraints to keep the test specimen from falling off theplatform without restricting its vertical motion.5.2 Method A2Repetitive Shock Test (Rotary Motion):5.2.1 Vibration Test Machine, with a platform having ahorizontal surface of sufficient strength and ri
32、gidity so that theapplied vibrations are essentially uniform over the entire testsurface when loaded with the test specimen. The platform shallbe supported by a mechanism that vibrates it so that the motionis a rotational input with the vertical component approximatelysinusoidal. The double amplitud
33、e displacement of the vibrationshall be fixed at 1 in. (25 mm), and frequency shall be variablefrom 2 to at least 5 Hz (cycles per second). The vibration testmachine shall be equipped with fences, barricades, or otherrestraints to keep the test specimen from falling off theplatform without restricti
34、ng its vertical motion.5.3 Metal Shim:5.3.1 A metal shim is used in Methods A1 and A2 fordetermining when the shipping container is leaving the testingplatform by a sufficient amount as described in Section 9.5.3.2 Specifications for metal shim used in MethodsA1 andA2:Width: 50 mm (20. in.) minimumT
35、hickness: 1.6 mm (116 in.)Length: 254 mm (10 in.) minimum5.4 Methods B and CResonance Tests:5.4.1 Vibration Test Machine, with a platform having ahorizontal surface of sufficient strength and rigidity so that theapplied vibrations are essentially uniform over the entire testsurface when loaded with
36、the test specimen. The platform shallbe supported by a mechanism capable of producing vibration inthe vertical linear plane at controlled accelerations or displace-ments, or both, over a controlled continuously variable range offrequencies. (A rotary motion of the platform is not accept-able.) Suita
37、ble fixtures and attachment points shall be providedto rigidly attach the test container to the platform for MethodB. Restraints shall be provided to restrain the horizontal motionD999082of the test specimens on the platform without restricting thevertical motion of the specimen(s), for Method C.5.5
38、 InstrumentationAccelerometers, signal conditioners,and data display or storage devices are required to measure andcontrol the accelerations at the test surface in Methods B andC. Instrumentation may also be desirable for monitoring theresponse of the containers and packaged items. The instrumen-tat
39、ion system shall have a response accurate to within 65%over the range specified for the test. Accelerometers should besmall and light weight enough as to not influence the responseof the item being measured nor influence the results of the test.Detailed information on suitable instrumentation may be
40、 foundin the Shock and Vibration Handbook.65.6 Conditioning ApparatusAdequate facilities shall beprovided for conditioning test specimens at selected humidityand temperature prior to or during the test, or both, inaccordance with the requirements of the applicable specifica-tion.6. Safety Precaution
41、s6.1 These test methods may produce severe mechanicalresponses of the test specimens. Therefore, fences, barricades,and other restraints must have sufficient strength and must beadequately secured. Operating personnel must remain alert topotential hazards and take necessary precautions for theirsafe
42、ty. Stop the test immediately if a dangerous conditionshould develop. For example, causing the container to go intoresonance during testing may result in uncontrollable respon-sive bouncing. This may also lead to a dangerous situation,over-testing, or premature failures and potential safety issues t
43、otesting personnel and equipment.7. Test Specimens7.1 The test specimen shall consist of the container, asintended for shipment, loaded with the interior packaging andthe actual contents for which it was designed. Blemished orrejected products may be used, if the defect is recorded prior tothe test.
44、 Dummy test items should be used for developmentaltesting when necessary, but may not be used for final accep-tance testing.NOTE 3Surrogate material may be used when actual product isunacceptable for use (for example, package testing for hazardous materi-als). For packaging intended to contain liqui
45、d dangerous goods (hazardousmaterials), water should be used as the standard test medium.7.2 Sensors and transducers may be applied with the mini-mum possible alteration of the test specimen, to obtain data onthe container or packaged item.When it is necessary to observethe contents during the test,
46、 holes may be cut in noncriticalareas of the container.7.3 Whenever sufficient containers and contents are avail-able, it is highly desirable that five or more replicate tests beconducted to improve the statistical reliability of the dataobtained (see Practice E 122).8. Conditioning8.1 Condition tes
47、t specimens prior to the test or during thetest, or both, in accordance with the requirements of theapplicable specification. When no conditioning requirementsare given, and the container materials are climatically sensitive,a conditioning atmosphere is recommended (see PracticeD 4332 for standard a
48、nd special conditions).9. Procedure9.1 Methods A1 and A2Repetitive Shock Tests:9.1.1 Place the shipping container on the test machineplatform in its normal shipping orientation.9.1.1.1 For Method A1, place the shipping container in thecenter of the platform. For Method A2, place the shippingcontaine
49、r near the backstop or fence, equidistant from eachside of the platform.9.1.1.2 Restraining devices may be needed to prevent theshipping container from moving horizontally or to preventexcessive rocking. Restraining devices may effect the verticalmovement of the shipping container and attention must begiven to how and where restraints are used.9.1.1.3 When restraining devices are used, orient and adjustthe restraining devices to allow free horizontal movement ofthe shipping container without restricting the vertical move-ment. There should be no severe hori
