1、Designation: D 2399 83 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Practice forSelection of Cutback Asphalts1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2399; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num
2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the selection of cutback asphalts ofthe slow, medium, and rapid curing types for various pavingand allied uses. Slow
3、-curing cutback asphalts are also calledroad oils.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-pria
4、te safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 2026 Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Slow-CuringType)D 2027 Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Medium-CuringType)D 2028 Specification for Cutback Asp
5、halt (Rapid-CuringType)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 bitumen-aggregate applicationsthe spraying of liq-uid bitumen on prepared aggregate or pavement surfaces,which subsequently are covered with graded aggregate.3.1.2 bitumen-aggregate mixturea combination of bitumi-nous material and aggregate
6、that is physically mixed bymechanical and thermal means, spread on the job-site, andcompacted.3.1.3 bitumen applicationsthe uses of sprayed bituminouscoatings not involving the use of aggregates. Uses of liquidbitumen in this group are all classed as treatments. (See surfacetreatments.)3.1.4 cold-la
7、id plant mixa mixture of liquid bitumen andmineral aggregate prepared in a central bituminous mixingplant and spread and compacted at the job-site when themixture is at or near ambient temperature.3.1.5 dense-graded aggregateaggregate that is gradedfrom the maximum size down to filler with the objec
8、t ofobtaining a bituminous mix with a controlled void content andhigh stability.3.1.6 dust binder a light application of bituminous mate-rial for the express purpose of laying and bonding loose dust.3.1.7 mixed-in-place (road mix)a bituminous course pro-duced by mixing mineral aggregate and liquid b
9、itumen at thejob-site by means of travel plants, motor graders, drags, orspecial road-mixing equipment. Pavement base and surfaces,mixed in place, may utilize open-graded aggregates (3.1.10),dense-graded aggregates (3.1.5), sand (3.1.15), or sandy soil(3.1.17).3.1.8 mulch treatmenta spray applicatio
10、n of bituminousmaterial used to temporarily stabilize a recently seeded area.The bitumen can also be applied to straw or hay mulch as atie-down.3.1.9 multiple surface treatmenttwo or more surface treat-ments placed one on the other. The maximum aggregate size ofeach successive treatment is usually o
11、ne half that of theprevious one, and the total thickness is about the same as thenominal maximum size aggregate particles of the first course.3.1.10 open-graded aggregateone containing little or nomineral filler and in which the void spaces in the compactedaggregate are relatively large.3.1.11 patch
12、 mixa mixture of bituminous material andmineral aggregate for patching holes, depressions, and dis-tressed areas in existing pavements. These mixes are suitablefor use in relatively small areas, applied at ambient temperatureusing hand-laying and hand-compaction techniques. Thesemixes may be designe
13、d for immediate use or for stock-pilingfor a period of time prior to use.3.1.12 pavement base and surfacesthe lower or underly-ing pavement course atop the subbase or subgrade and the topor wearing course. Cold-laid mixtures that are bound togetherwith liquid bitumens use either open or dense aggreg
14、ategradations.3.1.13 penetration macadama pavement construction us-ing essentially one-size coarse aggregate, which is penetratedin place by a heavy application of high-viscosity bituminous1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road andPaving Materials and is the direct re
15、sponsibility of Subcommittee D04.40 onAsphalt Specifications.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2005. Published December 2005. Originallyapproved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 2399 83 (1999).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cus
16、tomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.material. This application is foll
17、owed by an application of asmaller size coarse aggregate (to reduce the void space) then isrolled thoroughly. This procedure is usually followed anothertime with a still smaller coarse aggregate and roller compac-tion.3.1.14 prime coatan application of a low-viscosity bitu-minous material to an abso
18、rptive surface, designed to pen-etrate, bond, and stabilize the existing surface and to promoteadhesion between it and the construction course that follows.3.1.15 sanda clean, mineral aggregate material passing aNo. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve, but only about 5 % passing the No. 200(75-m) sieve.3.1.16 sand se
19、ala thin layer of spray-applied bitumenuniformly covered with sand (see 3.1.15), which waterproofsand improves the texture of a pavement surface.3.1.17 sandy soila material consisting essentially of fineaggregate particles smaller than No. 10 (2.00-mm) sieve andusually containing up to 20 % passing
20、a No. 200 (75-m) sieve.This material usually exhibits plasticity characteristics.3.1.18 single-surface treatmenta single application of bi-tumen to any kind of road surface followed immediately by asingle layer of aggregate of as uniform a size as practicable.The thickness of the treatment is about
21、the same as the nominalmaximum size aggregate particles. A single-surface treatmentis used as a wearing and waterproofing course.3.1.19 surface treatmentsapplications of bituminous ma-terials to any type of road or pavement surface that produce anincrease in thickness of less than 1 in.3.1.20 tack c
22、oatan application of bituminous materialapplied to an existing, relatively nonabsorbent surface toprovide a thorough bond between old and new surfacing.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice defines various types of bituminous pavingconstruction for which cutback asphalt may be used. Inaddition, i
23、t delineates the types and grades recommended foreach specific use.4.2 This practice provides the basic concepts on which theuse recommendations have been made. It also provides arationale by which the user may judiciously select a materialfor a specific job application from among those generallyrec
24、ommended.5. Precautions5.1 For some of the uses recommended in Table 1, thecutback asphalt may be applied at temperatures above its flashpoint. Caution, therefore, must be exercised at all times inhandling these materials to prevent fire or an explosion.6. Recommended Uses6.1 The recommendations sho
25、wn in Table 1 are for use onlyas a guide in paving and road construction. Several cutbackmaterials may be recommended in the table for a generalconstruction procedure. Selection of a particular material willdepend on local practice, availability, traffic, and environmen-tal conditions for the specif
26、ic project being considered.TABLE 1 Cutback Asphalt Recommendations for General Paving UsesPaving Construction UseARecommended Cutback AsphaltRapid-Curing (D 2028) Medium-Curing (D 2027) Slow-Curing (D 2026)RC-70RC-250RC-800RC-3000MC-30MC-70MC-250MC-800MC-3000SC-70SC-250SC-800SC-3000Bitumen-aggregat
27、e mixtures:Cold-laid plant mix:Pavement base and surfaces:Open-graded aggregate . . . . . . . X . . . . .Dense-graded aggregate . X . . . . X X X . X X XPatching, immediate use . X X . . . X X X . . X XPatching, stockpile . . . . . . X X . . X X .Mixed-in-place (road mix):Pavement base and surfaces:
28、Open-graded aggregate . X X X . . . X X . X X .Dense-graded aggregate . . . . . . X X . . X X .Sand . X X . . X X X . . . . .Sandy soil X X X . . . X X . . . . .Patching, immediate use . X X . . . X X X . . X XPatching, stockpile . . . . . . X X . . X X .Bitumen-aggregate applications:Surface treatm
29、ents:Single surface treatment . X X X . . . X X . . . .Multiple surface treatment . X X X . . . . X . . . .Sand seal . X . . . . X X . . . . .Penetration macadam:Large voids . . X X . . . . . . . . .Small voids . X . . . . . . . . . . .Bitumen applications:Surface treatment:Prime coat, open surfaces
30、 X X . . . X X . . . . . .Prime coat, tight surfaces X . . . X X . . . . . . .Tack coat X . . . . . . . . . . . .Dust binder X . . . . X . . . X . . .Mulch treatment X . . . . . . . . . . . .AFor definitions of terms used in this table, refer to Section 3.D 2399 83 (2005)26.2 Cutback asphalts are co
31、nstituted from a base asphalt ofselected hardness or viscosity dissolved in a solvent of high,medium, or low volatility to provide distinct differences forconstruction purposes among the types. Slow curing cutbacksalternatively may be made directly by distillation. Uponexposure to atmospheric condit
32、ions, the highly volatilenaphtha-type solvent in rapid-curing blends evaporates quicklyand leaves a hard, viscous-base asphalt to function withaggregate in the road. A less volatile kerosine-type solventevaporates more slowly from medium-curing blends and leavesa base asphalt of medium hardness or v
33、iscosity. Slow-curingblends contain a low-volatility fuel-oil type solvent and thusrequire the longest curing period. They leave a soft, low-viscosity asphalt on the aggregate. Both the curing rate andcharacteristics of the residual asphalt are factors to be consid-ered in the selection of liquid as
34、phalts for various uses.However, primary consideration should be given to hardness orviscosity of the remaining asphalt in relation to gradation of theaggregate with which it is used. One-size aggregates, oropen-graded ones deficient in fines, require harder asphaltswhile softer materials may be use
35、d with dense-graded aggre-gates.6.3 The choice of cutback asphalt grade (viscosity) withinany given type is generally controlled by the method ofconstruction (application or mix type and method of mixing)and by climatic conditions during construction. Applicationsthat require infiltration of the agg
36、regate necessitate a lowenough viscosity to penetrate (prime coat) and a viscosity highenough to be retained on the aggregate (penetration macadam).Tack coats require low viscosity to achieve coverage with athin film of residual asphalt. Surface treatment and seal coattypes require a viscosity low e
37、nough to achieve wetting buthigh enough to prevent run-off from road crown or grade. Withregard to mix types, higher viscosity materials may be usedwhen the method is positive and efficient (plant mix) and theweather is warm. With less efficient mixing methods (roadmix) and in cooler weather, lower
38、viscosity materials may beneeded.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof
39、 infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this s
40、tandard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake you
41、r views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 2399 83 (2005)3
