1、Designation: D 2412 02 (Reapproved 2008)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermination of External Loading Characteristics of PlasticPipe by Parallel-Plate Loading1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2412; the number immediately following the designation indicat
2、es the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of th
3、e Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of load-deflection characteristics of plastic pipe under parallel-plateloading.1.2 This test method covers thermoplastic resin pipe, rein-forced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP), and reinforced poly-mer mortar pipe (RPMP).1
4、.3 The characteristics determined by this test method arepipe stiffness, stiffness factor, and load at specific deflections.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for informati
5、on onlyand are not considered standard.NOTE 1While this test method can be used in measuring the pipestiffness of corrugated plastic pipe or tubing, special conditions andprocedures are used. These details are included in the product standards,for example, Specification F 405.1.5 The text of this te
6、st method references notes andfootnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes andfootnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not beconsidered as requirements of the test method.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its u
7、se. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of RigidPlasticsD 1600 Termin
8、ology for Abbreviated Terms Relating toPlasticsD 2122 Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Ther-moplastic Pipe and FittingsE 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodF
9、 405 Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene (PE) Pipeand FittingsF 412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: Definitions are in accordance with Termi-nology F 412, and abbreviations are in accordance with Ter-minology D 1600, unless otherwise specified.3.2 D
10、efinitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 Dymeasured change of the inside diameter in thedirection of load application expressed in inches (millimetres).3.2.2 initial inside diameter (d)the average of the insidediameters as determined for the several test specimens andexpressed in inches (
11、millimetres).3.2.3 load (F)the load applied to the pipe to produce agiven percentage deflection. Expressed as newtons per metre orpounds-force per linear inch.3.2.4 mean radius (r)the mid-wall radius determined bysubtracting the average wall thickness from the average outsidediameter and dividing th
12、e difference by two. Expressed asinches (millimetres).3.2.5 pipe deflection (P)the ratio of the reduction in pipeinside diameter to the initial inside diameter expressed as thepercentage of the initial inside diameter.3.2.6 pipe significant events:3.2.6.1 liner cracking or crazingthe occurrence of a
13、 breakor network of fine breaks in the liner visible to the unaided eye.3.2.6.2 rupturea crack or break extending entirely orpartly through the pipe wall.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on PlasticPiping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.40
14、 on TestMethods.Current edition approved July 15, 2008. Published July 2008. Originallyapproved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 2412 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of AS
15、TMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.NOTE 2The significant events listed may or may not occur in aspecific pipe material.3.2.6
16、.3 wall crackingthe occurence of a break in the pipewall visible to the unaided eye.3.2.6.4 wall delaminationthe occurrence of any separa-tion in the components of the pipe wall visible to the unaidedeye.3.2.7 pipe stiffness (PS)the value obtained by dividing theforce per unit length of specimen by
17、the resulting deflection inthe same units at the prescribed percentage deflection.3.2.8 stiffness factor (SF)the product of pipe stiffness andthe quantity 0.149 r3.3.2.9 DiscussionThe “pipe stiffness” and “stiffness fac-tor” are related as follows:PS 5 F/Dy (1)SF 5 EI 5 0.149 Fr3/Dy 5 0.149 r3PS! (2
18、)NOTE 3See Appendix X2 for information relating PS, E, and Dy.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A short length of pipe is loaded between two rigidparallel flat plates at a controlled rate of approach to oneanother. Load-deflection (of the pipe diameter) data are ob-tained. If cracking, crazing, delaminat
19、ion, or rupture occurs,the corresponding load and deflection are recorded.5. Significance and Use5.1 The external loading properties of plastic pipe obtainedby this test method are used for the following:5.1.1 To determine the stiffness of the pipe. This is afunction of the pipe dimensions and the p
20、hysical properties ofthe material of which the pipe is made.5.1.2 To determine the load-deflection characteristics andpipe stiffness which are used for engineering design (seeAppendix X1).5.1.3 To compare the characteristics of various plastics inpipe form.5.1.4 To study the interrelations of dimens
21、ions and deflec-tion properties of plastic pipe and conduit.5.1.5 To measure the deflection and load-resistance at any ofseveral significant events if they occur during the test.6. Apparatus6.1 Testing MachineA properly calibrated compressiontesting machine of the constant-rate-of-crosshead movement
22、type meeting the requirements of Test Method D 695 shall beused to make the tests. The rate of head approach shall be 0.506 0.02 in. (12.5 6 0.5 mm)/min.NOTE 4Hydraulic testing machines that may vary slightly from theserate limits are commonly used and are satisfactory for testing RTRP andRPMP pipe
23、24-in. (610-mm) size and larger.6.2 Loading PlatesThe load shall be applied to thespecimen through two parallel steel bearing plates. The platesshall be flat, smooth, and clean. The thickness of the platesshall be sufficient so that no bending or deformation occursduring the test, but it shall not b
24、e less than 0.25 in. (6.0 mm).The plate length shall equal or exceed the specimen length andthe plate width shall not be less than the pipe contact width atmaximum pipe deflection plus 6.0 in. (150 mm).NOTE 5For some types of testing machines a greater plate thicknessmay be required to limit plate b
25、ending.6.3 Deformation (Deflection) Indicator The change ininside diameter, or deformation parallel to the direction ofloading, shall be measured with a suitable instrument meetingthe requirements of Test Method D 695, except that theinstrument shall be accurate to the nearest 0.010 in. (0.25 mm).Th
26、e instrument shall not support the pipe test specimen or theplate or affect in any way the load deflection measurements.Changes in diameter are measured during loading by continu-ously recording plate travel or by periodically computing it.7. Test Specimens7.1 For thermoplastic pipe, the test specim
27、en shall be apiece of pipe 6 618 in. (150 6 3 mm) long.7.2 For reinforced thermosetting resin pipe, the minimumtest specimen length shall be three times the nominal pipediameter or 12.0 in. (300 mm), whichever is smaller. For pipelarger than 60 in. (1524 mm) in diameter, the minimumspecimen length s
28、hall be 20 % of the nominal diameteradjusted to the nearest 1 in. (25.4 mm).7.3 The ends of specimens shall be cut square and shall befree of burrs and jagged edges.7.4 No less than three specimens shall be tested for eachsample of pipe.NOTE 6For quality control testing a single specimen may be used
29、with the thinnest wall at the top.7.5 Certain RTRP pipes exhibit surface irregularity becausethe production process is inside diameter controlled. To assureaccurate test results by parallel-plate loading, the test specimenmust be uniformly loaded along its entire bearing surface. Ifsurface irregular
30、ities (resin-rich areas) along the outside diam-eter prevent the bearing load from being uniformly distributedalong the length of the specimen, the outside surface along theloading line shall be sanded smooth by hand. This sandingshall only be done if the reinforcement is not damaged. Notethat sandi
31、ng shall be done only along the plate contact lines.8. Conditioning8.1 Condition pipe for at least4hinair,atatemperature of73.4 6 3.6F (23 6 2C), and conduct the test in a roommaintained at the same temperature.8.2 When a referee test is required, condition specimens forat least 40 h at 73.4 6 3.6F
32、(23 6 2C) and 50 6 5 % relativehumidity and conduct the test under the same conditions.9. Procedure9.1 Make the following measurements on each specimen:9.1.1 Determine the length of each specimen to the nearest132 in. (1 mm) or better, by making and averaging at least fourequally spaced measurements
33、 around the perimeter.9.1.2 Measure the wall thickness of each specimen inaccordance with Test Method D 2122. Make at least eightmeasurements equally spaced around one end and calculate theaverage wall thickness.9.1.3 Determine whether a line of minimum wall thicknessexists along the length of the s
34、pecimen and if so mark it for usein 9.2.1.D 2412 02 (2008)2NOTE 7On RTRPand RPMPpipe measurements may be made at bothends.9.1.4 Determine the average outside diameter to the nearest0.01 in. (0.2 mm) using a circumferential wrap tape or byaveraging the maximum and minimum outside diameters asmeasured
35、 with a micrometer or caliper.9.1.5 For OD-controlled pipe calculate the average pipeinside diameter (ID) by subtracting two times the average of allwall thicknesses (9.1.2) from the average of all outsidediameters (9.1.4). For ID-controlled pipe determine the aver-age ID by measuring the maximum an
36、d minimum insidediameters. Use this average ID as the basis for computing thepercentage of deflection for all specimens in that lot of pipe.9.2 Locate the pipe section with its longitudinal axis parallelto the bearing plates and center it laterally in the testingmachine.9.2.1 If an orientation of mi
37、nimum wall thickness has beenfound, place the first specimen so the thinnest wall is at the topand rotate successive specimens 35 and 70. If no minimumwall thickness was identified, use any base line.9.3 With the deflection indicator in place, bring the upperplate into contact with the specimen with
38、 no more load than isnecessary to hold it in place. This establishes the beginningpoint for subsequent deflection measurements.9.4 Compress the specimen at a constant rate of 0.50 6 0.02in. (12.5 6 0.5 mm)/min.NOTE 8For larger sizes of pipe made from relatively low-modulusmaterials, creep may affect
39、 the results of this test because of the loadingrate specified.9.5 Record load-deflection measurements continuously orintermittently with reference to the relative movement of thebearing plates. If measurements are made intermittently, makeand record such measurements at increments of not more than5
40、 % of the average inside diameter of the specimen. Refer toAnnex A1.9.6 Observe and note the load and deflection at the firstevidence of each of the following significant events when andif they occur:9.6.1 Liner cracking or crazing.9.6.2 Wall cracking.9.6.3 Wall delamination.9.6.4 Rupture.9.7 Record
41、 type and position of each event with respect tothe corresponding load and deflection. Discontinue the testwhen either of the following occur:9.7.1 The load on the specimen fails to increase withincreasing deflection (maximum point on load-deflection plothas been reached).9.7.2 The specimen deflecti
42、on reaches 30 % of the averageinside diameter or the required maximum deflection.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the pipe stiffness, PS, for any given deflec-tion as follows:PS 5 F/Dy lbf/in./in. kPa!(3)NOTE 9Refer to Appendix X3 for additional information on units.10.2 When required, calculate the st
43、iffness factor, SF, forany given deflection as follows:SF 5 0.149 r3PS in.3lbf/in.2Pa m3!(4)10.3 When required, calculate the percentage pipe deflec-tion, P, as follows:P 5Dy/d 3 100(5)11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Complete identification of the material tested, includ-ing t
44、ype, source, manufacturers code, previous history (ifany), and product identification by standard number.11.1.2 Dimensions of each specimen, including averageoutside diameter, average wall thickness, average inside diam-eter, liner thickness and reinforcement thickness where appli-cable, and average
45、 length.11.1.3 Whether or not the outside diameter of the specimenwas sanded.11.1.4 Conditioning temperature, time, and environment.11.1.5 The load and deflection at which any of the followingevents occurred:11.1.5.1 Liner cracking or crazing,11.1.5.2 Wall cracking,11.1.5.3 Wall delamination, andTAB
46、LE 1 Pipe StiffnessPrecision StatisticsAMaterialDeflectionLevel, %Average SmeanSrBSRBr RStandardDeviation ofCell AveragesCRepeatabilityStandardDeviationCReproduce-abilityStandardDeviationCRepeatabilityLimit (95 %)CReproduce-abilityLimit (95 %)CA 2.5 772.3 54.95 84.69 101.0 237.1 282.7 7.11 11.0 13.1
47、 30.7 36.6B 2.5 380.2 20.52 18.12 27.37 50.72 76.64 5.40 4.77 7.20 13.3 20.2C 2.5 463.9 79.07 57.82 97.96 161.9 274.3 17.0 12.5 21.1 34.9 59.1A 5.0 755.7 33.30 80.30 86.93 224.8 243.4 4.41 10.6 11.5 29.7 32.2B 5.0 356.1 19.13 15.32 24.51 42.89 68.62 5.37 4.30 6.88 12.0 19.3C 5.0 419.4 37.80 27.74 46
48、.89 77.68 131.3 9.01 6.61 11.2 18.5 31.3A 7.5 724.8 27.85 76.14 81.07 213.2 227.0 3.84 10.5 11.2 29.4 31.3B 7.5 332.6 16.87 13.94 21.88 39.02 61.27 5.07 4.19 6.58 11.7 18.4C 7.5 371.7 26.70 18.82 32.66 52.69 91.45 7.18 5.06 8.79 14.2 24.6ATerms are used as specified in Practice E 177.BSr= standard d
49、eviation of repeatability (variation of replicate samples by same laboratory).SR= standard deviation of reproducibility (variability between laboratory).CPrecision statistics as percent of average.D 2412 02 (2008)311.1.5.4 Rupture.11.1.6 The reason for terminating the test.11.1.7 If required, a plot on cartesian coordinates of the loadin pounds-force per inch (or newtons per metre) versusdeflection in inches (or millimetres) for each specimen tested.Each of the following occurrences shall be noted on the plotswhere applicable:11.1.7.1 Liner c
