1、Designation: D 2462 90 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Test Method forMoisture in Wool by Distillation With Toluene1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2462; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amountof moisture present in grease wool, scoured wool, carded wool,ga
3、rnetted wool, wool top and intermediate wool products, androvings, by distillation with toluene.1.2 Equations are given for calculating the amount of waterpresent as moisture content (as-received basis) and moistureregain (dry fiber) basis. The term that corresponds to the basisused in the calculati
4、on and report must always be stated.1.3 This test method is not applicable to material known tocontain any steam-distillable, water-soluble matter. If it issuspected that such matter is present, the method should beused with caution.1.4 Xylene or other solvents should not be substituted fortoluene a
5、s no other solvents have been evaluated for use in thisstandard.NOTE 1The determination of moisture in wool by oven-drying iscovered in Test Method D 1576 and for textile materials in general in TestMethods D 2654. A method for sampling wool for the determination ofmoisture in wool is covered in Pra
6、ctice D 2525.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. F
7、or specific safetyhazard statements, see Section 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1060 Practice for Core Sampling of Raw Wool in Pack-ages for Determination of Percentage of Clean Wool FiberPresentD 1576 Test Method for Moisture in Wool by Oven-Dry
8、ingD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for TestingD 2525 Practice for Sampling Wool for MoistureD 2654 Test Methods for Moisture in Textiles3D 3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers,Sliver, or Tow for TestingE 123 Specification for Ap
9、paratus for Determination ofWater by Distillation3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 grease wool, n.wool taken from the living sheep andwhich has not been commercially scoured.3.1.2 moisture content, n.the amount of moisture in amaterial determined under prescribed conditions and expressedas a perce
10、ntage of the mass of the moist material, that is, theoriginal mass comprising the oven-dried substance plus anymoisture present.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe term “mass” is the correct desig-nation for the property commonly designated as “weight.” Aslight amount of residual moisture may not be removed from
11、aspecimen subjected to oven drying because of the relativehumidity of the ambient air. The amount of moisture retainedby a specimen may be estimated from published data. Theremay also be a slight additional loss in mass caused by theevaporation of volatile material other than water, the amountdepend
12、ing on the characteristics of any added oils or emul-sions.3.1.3 moisture-free, adj.the condition of a material thathas been exposed in an atmosphere of desiccated air until thereis no further significant change in its mass (see Discussionunder 3.1.2)3.1.3.1 DiscussionHeating the material and the de
13、siccatedair to temperatures as high as 110C increases the rate ofmoisture loss but does not change the final equilibrium mass ofthe moisture-free material.3.1.4 moisture regain, n.the amount of moisture in amaterial determined under prescribed conditions and expressedas a percentage of the mass of t
14、he moisture-free material (seemoisture content).3.1.4.1 DiscussionIn this test method, the material isconsidered to be oven-dried after drying as described inSection 10.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.1
15、3 on Wool and Felt.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originallyapproved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 2462 90 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annua
16、l Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-29
17、59, United States.3.1.5 oven-dried, adj.the condition of a material that hasbeen heated under prescribed conditions of temperature andhumidity until there is no further significant change in its mass(see 3.1.2).3.1.5.1 DiscussionAn oven-dried material will retain asmall amount of moisutre which is d
18、ependent on the tempera-ture and relative humidity of the atmosphere in contact with thematerial during the drying process.An oven-dried material willonly be moisture-free when the air supplied to the drying ovenhas been previously desiccated.3.1.6 pulled wool, n.wool taken from the pelt of aslaught
19、ered sheep and which has not been commerciallyscoured. (syn. slipe wool, skin wool).3.1.7 raw wool, n.wool or hair of the sheep in the grease,pulled, or scoured state. (See also scoured wool.)3.1.8 recycled wool, n.as defined in the Wool ProductsLabeling Act as amended in 1980, “the resulting fiber
20、whenwool has been woven or felted into a wool product which,without ever having been utilized in any way by the ultimateconsumer, subsequently has been made into a fibrous state, orthe resulting fiber when wool or reprocessed wool has beenspun, woven, knitted, or felted into a wool product which, af
21、terhaving been used in any way by the ultimate consumer,subsequently has been made into a fibrous state.”3.1.8.1 DiscussionIn the amended Act of 1980, the term“recycled wool” replaced the terms “reprocessed wool” and“reused wool.”3.1.9 scoured wool, n.wool from which the bulk ofimpurities has been r
22、emoved by an aqueous or solvent washingprocess.3.1.9.1 DiscussionAlthough it is no longer in its originalraw state, scoured wool is generally accepted as raw wool.3.1.10 virgin wool, n.as defined in the Wool ProductsLabeling Act, “the terms 8virgin or 8new as descriptive of awool product, or any fib
23、er or part thereof, shall not be usedwhen the product or part so described is not composed whollyof new or virgin fiber which has never been reclaimed from anyspun, woven, knitted, felted, braided, bonded, or otherwisemanufactured or used product.”3.1.11 wool, n.the fibrous covering of sheep, Ovis s
24、pe-cies.3.1.11.1 DiscussionFor the purposes of this method, theword wool is used in the generic sense, and includes both woolas defined in the Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939 as wellas recycled wool as defined in the amended Act of 1980.3.1.12 wool, n. as defined in the Wool Products LabelingAct
25、of 1939, “the fiber from the fleece of the sheep or lamb, orhair of the Angora goat or Cashmere goat (and may include theso called specialty fibers from the hair of the camel, alpaca,llama, and vicuna) which has never been reclaimed from anywoven or felted wool product.3.1.13 For definitions of othe
26、r textile terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A sample or specimen of wool or material made of woolis weighed, then stabilized in the laboratory atmosphere inwhich the specimen is prepared, and reweighed. Any resultingchange in mass is used to calcu
27、late the original moisturecontent of the sample or specimen from the results observed onthe stabilized specimen.4.2 The specimen is immersed in water-saturated toluenewhich is then heated, the distilled water vapor and solventvapor are condensed and collected in a graduated trap, whereinthe water se
28、parates and settles to the bottom. After cooling ina water bath to achieve a specified temperature, the volume ofwater collected in the trap is read from the graduated trap andconverted to its equivalent weight.4.3 Results are calculated as percent moisture content orpercent moisture regain using th
29、e appropriate equation.5. Significance and Use5.1 Test Method D 2462 for testing for moisture in wool isconsidered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercialshipments since current estimates of between-laboratory pre-cision are acceptable.5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
30、reported test results when using Test Method D 2462 foracceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser andthe supplier should conduct comparative testing to determine ifthere is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competentstatistical assistance is recommended for the investigat
31、ion ofthe bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group oftest specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that arefrom a lot of the type material in question. The test specimensshould be assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory fortesting. The average results from the two laborat
32、ories should becompared using Students t-Test for unpaired data and anacceptance probability level chosen by the two parties beforethe test is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must befound and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier mustagree to interpret future test results in light
33、of the known bias.5.2 This test method is the preferred method for all suitablesamples of wool where it is important to obtain a result freefrom the possible biases, introduced by the conditions dis-cussed in 5.3 and 5.4.5.3 This test method is free from the interferences caused bydifferent conditio
34、ns of ambient atmosphere such as might affectthe results of oven-drying.Aslight amount of residual moisturemay be retained in a specimen subjected to oven-dryingbecause of the relative humidity of the ambient air; however,the amount of moisture retained may be estimated frompublished data.45.4 This
35、test method is free from the interference caused bynonaqueous volatile material. Such material, when present, iserroneously measured as moisture by oven-drying methods, theextent of the error depending upon the amount and character-istics of any added oils or finishes.5.5 This test method is relativ
36、ely cumbersome, time con-suming, and costly compared to oven-drying, and is notrecommended for routine process control, in-plant evaluations,or for other purposes where a high degree of accuracy is notnecessary. The cost of operation can be reduced somewhat by4Toner, R. K., Bowen, C. F., and Whitwel
37、l, J. C., “Equilibrium MoistureRelations for Textile Fibers,” Textile Research Journal, 17, January 1947, 1718.D 2462 90 (2008)2redistilling the used toluene, which is then suitable for reusewithout further treatment.5.6 Unlike an oven-drying method, any moisture gained orlost by a specimen after it
38、s mass has been determined willappear as a direct error in the final result. Since one of theprincipal uses of the method is to determine the averagemoisture present in large lots of wool or wool products exposedto variable atmospheric conditions, numerous laboratorysamples and test specimens are co
39、mmon. To avoid errors of thetype mentioned above, this procedure includes provisions forstabilizing the sample(s) in the laboratory atmosphere so that,during the time necessary for selecting, weighing, and trans-ferring the specimens to flasks, gain or loss of moisture whichcannot be accounted for w
40、ill be minimized. A further advan-tage of the stabilizing process is realized in cases where theinterest is solely in the average moisture content of the sample,and the actual moisture content within the sample is highlyvariable. By stabilizing the sample before selecting the speci-mens, equal preci
41、sion can be achieved with fewer specimens.6. Apparatus6.1 Flask, Erlenmeyer, wide-mouth, 1000 cm3(mL) capac-ity (takes a No. 11 stopper).56.2 Distilling Receiver, Dean moisture contentASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any it
42、em mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical com
43、mittee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a
44、meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
45、e, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).7Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D131016.D 2462 90 (2008)5
