1、Designation:D2699111Designation: D2699 12Designation: 237/87Standard Test Method forResearch Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2699; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTECorrected research
3、report reference editorially in November 2011.1. Scope*1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitative determination of the knock rating of liquid spark-ignition engine fuelin terms of Research O.N., except that this test method may not be applicable to fuel and fuel components that are prim
4、arilyoxygenates.2The sample fuel is tested using a standardized single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio,carbureted, CFR engine run in accordance with a defined set of operating conditions. The O.N. scale is defined by the volumetriccomposition of PRF blends. The sample fuel kn
5、ock intensity is compared to that of one or more PRF blends. The O.N. of the PRFblend that matches the K.I. of the sample fuel establishes the Research O.N.1.2 The O.N. scale covers the range from 0 to 120 octane number but this test method has a working range from 40 to 120Research O.N. Typical com
6、mercial fuels produced for spark-ignition engines rate in the 88 to 101 Research O.N. range. Testingof gasoline blend stocks or other process stream materials can produce ratings at various levels throughout the Research O.N.range.1.3 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI units and are
7、 considered standard. The values in parentheses are thehistorical inch-pound units. The standardized CFR engine measurements continue to be in inch-pound units only because of theextensive and expensive tooling that has been created for this equipment.1.41.4 WARNINGMercury has been designated by man
8、y regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause centralnervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Cautionshould be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material
9、 Safety Data Sheet(MSDS) for details and EPAs websitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should be awarethat selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
10、safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. For specific hazardwarning statements, see Section 8, 13.4.1, 14.5.1, 15.
11、6.1, Annex A1, A2.2.3.1, A2.2.3.3(6) and (9), A2.3.5, X3.3.7, X4.2.3.1, X4.3.4.1, X4.3.9.3, X4.3.11.4, and X4.5.1.8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD2268 Test Method for Analysis of High-Purity n-Heptane and Isooctane by Capillary Gas ChromatographyD23
12、60 Test Method for Trace Impurities in Monocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Gas ChromatographyD2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility
13、of Subcommittee D02.01 onCombustion Characteristics.Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published May 2011. Originally approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D269910. DOI: 10.1520/D2699-11.Current edition approved April 1, 2012. Published July 2012. Originally approved in 1968
14、. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D2699111. DOI:10.1520/D2699-12.2Motor O.N., determined using Test Method D2700, is a companion method to provide a similar but typically lower octane rating under more severe operating conditions.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.
15、astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of wh
16、at changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered th
17、e official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D2885 Test Method for Determination of Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels by On-Line Direc
18、t ComparisonTechniqueD3703 Test Method for Hydroperoxide Number of Aviation Turbine Fuels, Gasoline and Diesel FuelsD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum Products, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling o
19、f Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatility MeasurementD6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petroleum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulometric KarlFischer Ti
20、trationE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and HydrometryE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE542 Practice for Calibration of Laboratory Volumetric Apparatus2.2 ANSI Standard:4C-39.1 Requirements for Electrical Analog Indicati
21、ng Instruments2.3 Energy Institute Standard:5IP 224/02 Determination of Low Lead Content of Light Petroleum Distillates by Dithizone Extraction and Colorimetric Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 accepted reference value, na value that serves as an agreed-upon reference for comparison, and wh
22、ich is derived as: (1)a theoretical or established value, based on scientific principles, (2) an assigned or certified value, based on experimental work ofsome national or international organization, or (3) a consensus or certified value, based on collaborative experimental work underthe auspices of
23、 a scientific or engineering group. E4563.1.1.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, accepted reference value is understood to apply to the Research octanenumber of specific reference materials determined empirically under reproducibility conditions by the National Exchange Groupor another
24、recognized exchange testing organization.3.1.2 Check Fuel, nfor quality control testing, a spark-ignition engine fuels of selected characteristics having an octanenumber accepted reference value (O.N.ARV) determined by round-robin testing under reproducibility conditions.3.1.3 cylinder height, nfor
25、the CFR engine, the relative vertical position of the engine cylinder with respect to the piston attop dead center (tdc) or the top machined surface of the crankcase.3.1.3.1 dial indicator reading, nfor the CFR engine, a numerical indication of cylinder height, in thousandths of an inch,indexed to a
26、 basic setting at a prescribed compression pressure when the engine is motored.3.1.3.2 digital counter reading, nfor the CFR engine, a numerical indication of cylinder height, indexed to a basic setting ata prescribed compression pressure when the engine is motored.3.1.4 detonation meter, analog, nf
27、or knock testing, the analog signal conditioning instrumentation that accepts the electricalsignal from the detonation pickup and provides an output signal for display.3.1.5 detonation meter, digital, nfor knock testing, the digital signal conditioning instrumentation that accepts the electricalsign
28、al from the detonation pickup and provides a digital output for display.3.1.6 detonation pickup, nfor knock testing, a magnetostrictive-type transducer that threads into the engine cylinder and isexposed to combustion chamber pressure to provide an electrical signal that is proportional to the rate-
29、of-change of cylinderpressure.3.1.7 dynamic fuel level, nfor knock testing, test procedure in which the fuel-air ratio for maximum knock intensity for sampleand reference fuels is determined using the falling level technique that changes carburetor fuel level from a high or rich mixturecondition to
30、a low or lean mixture condition, at a constant rate, causing knock intensity to rise to a maximum and then decrease,thus permitting observation of the maximum knockmeter reading.3.1.8 equilibrium fuel level, nfor knock testing, test procedure in which the fuel-air ratio for maximum knock intensity f
31、orsample and reference fuels is determined by making incremental step changes in fuel-air ratio, observing the equilibrium knockintensity for each step, and selecting the level that produces the highest knock intensity reading.3.1.9 firing, nfor the CFR engine, operation of the CFR engine with fuel
32、and ignition.3.1.10 fuel-air ratio for maximum knock intensity, nfor knock testing, that proportion of fuel to air that produces the highestknock intensity for each fuel in the knock testing unit, provided this occurs within specified carburetor fuel level limits.3.1.11 guide tables, n for knock tes
33、ting, the specific relationship between cylinder height (compression ratio) and octanenumber at standard knock intensity for specific primary reference fuel blends tested at standard or other specified barometricpressure.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4
34、th Floor, New York, NY 10036.5Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K.D2699 1223.1.12 knock, nin a spark-ignition engine, abnormal combustion, often producing audible sound, caused by autoignition ofthe air/fuel mixture. D41753.1.13 knock intensity, nfor knock tes
35、ting, a measure of the level of knock.3.1.14 knockmeter, analog, nfor knock testing, the 0 to 100 division analog indicating meter that displays the knock intensitysignal from the analog detonation meter.3.1.15 knockmeter, digital, nfor knock testing, the 0 to 999 division digital indicating meter t
36、hat displays the knock intensityfrom the digital detonation meter.3.1.16 motoring, nfor the CFR engine, operation of the CFR engine without fuel and with the ignition shut off.3.1.17 octane number, nfor spark-ignition engine fuel, any one of several numerical indicators of resistance to knock obtain
37、edby comparison with reference fuels in standardized engine or vehicle tests. D41753.1.17.1 research octane number, nfor spark-ignition engine fuel, the numerical rating of knock resistance obtained bycomparison of its knock intensity with that of primary reference fuel blends when both are tested i
38、n a standardized CFR engineoperating under the conditions specified in this test method.3.1.18 oxygenate, nan oxygen-containing organic compound, which may be used as a fuel or fuel supplement, for example,various alcohols and ethers. D41753.1.19 primary reference fuels, nfor knock testing, isooctan
39、e, n-heptane, volumetrically proportioned mixtures of isooctanewith n-heptane, or blends of tetraethyllead in isooctane that define the octane number scale.3.1.19.1 primary reference fuel blends below 100 octane, nthe volume % of isooctane in a blend with n-heptane that definesthe octane number of t
40、he blend, isooctane being assigned as 100 and n-heptane as 0 octane number.3.1.19.2 primary reference fuel blends above 100 octane, nthe millilitres per U.S. gallon of tetraethyllead in isooctane thatdefine octane numbers above 100 in accordance with an empirically determined relationship.3.1.20 rep
41、eatability conditions, nconditions where independent test results are obtained with the same method on identicaltest items in the same laboratory by the same operator using the same equipment within short intervals of time. E4563.1.20.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, a short time inte
42、rval between two ratings on a sample fuel is understoodto be not less than the time to obtain at least one rating on another sample fuel between them but not so long as to permit anysignificant change in the sample fuel, test equipment, or environment.3.1.21 reproducibility conditions, nconditions w
43、here test results are obtained with the same method on identical test items indifferent laboratories with different operators using different equipment. E4563.1.22 spread, nin knock measurement, the sensitivity of the analog detonation meter expressed in knockmeter divisions peroctane number. (This
44、feature is not a necessary adjustment in the digital detonation meter.)3.1.23 standard knock intensity, analog, nfor knock testing, that level of knock established when a primary reference fuelblend of specific octane number is used in the knock testing unit at maximum knock intensity fuel-air ratio
45、, with the cylinder height(dial indicator or digital counter reading) set to the prescribed guide table value. The analog detonation meter is adjusted to producean analog knockmeter reading of 50 for these conditions.3.1.24 standard knock intensity, digital, nfor knock testing, that level of knock e
46、stablished when a primary reference fuelblend of specific octane number is used in the knock testing unit at maximum knock intensity fuel-air ratio, with the cylinder height(dial indicator or digital counter reading) set to the prescribed guide table value. The digital detonation meter will typicall
47、y displaya peak to peak voltage of approximately 0.15 V for these conditions.3.1.25 toluene standardization fuels, nfor knock testing, those volumetrically proportioned blends of two or more of thefollowing: reference fuel grade toluene, n-heptane, and isooctane that have prescribed rating tolerance
48、s for O.N.ARVdeterminedby round-robin testing under reproducibility conditions.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 ARV = accepted reference value3.2.2 CFR = Cooperative Fuel Research3.2.3 C.R. = compression ratio3.2.4 IAT = intake air temperature3.2.5 K.I. = knock intensity3.2.6 OA = Octane Analyzer3.2.7 O.N. =
49、 octane number3.2.8 PRF = primary reference fuel3.2.9 RTD = resistance thermometer device (E344) platinum type3.2.10 TSF = toluene standardization fuel4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The Research O.N. of a spark-ignition engine fuel is determined using a standard test engine and operating conditions tocompare its knock characteristic with those of PRF blends of known O.N. Compression ratio and fuel-air ratio are adjusted toproduce standard K.I. for the sample fuel, as measured by a specific electronic detonation measurement system. A standard K
