1、Designation: D 2847 07Standard Practice forTesting Engine Coolants in Car and Light Truck Service1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2847; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the procedure for evaluating corro-sion protection and performance of an engine coolant inpassenger car and l
3、ight truck service.NOTE 1Coolant evaluation in vehicle service may require consider-able time and expense; therefore, the product should be pretested in thelaboratory for general acceptability. Tests may vary from small, closelycontrolled tests, to large tests where close control is not always pract
4、ical.1.2 The units quoted in this practice are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are approximateequivalents for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of t
5、his standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 7 and Note A1.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1121 Test Method for Reserve Alkalinity of
6、EngineCoolants and AntirustsD 1287 Test Method for pH of Engine Coolants and Anti-rustsD 1384 Test Method for Corrosion Test for Engine Coolantsin GlasswareD 1881 Test Method for Foaming Tendencies of EngineCoolants in Glassware3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 engine coolanta fluid used to transf
7、er heat from anengine to the radiator, usually containing specific amounts ofglycols, water, corrosion inhibitors, and a foam suppressor.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Standard metal corrosion specimens, mounted in specialholders, are installed in the coolant flow of the test vehicles.The coolant is test
8、ed at the recommended concentration in aspecified test water. A minimum of five test vehicles percoolant is required. The test duration in terms of time ormileage should be consistent with the recommended servicelife of the coolant. The vehicle, corrosion specimens, andcoolant are inspected accordin
9、g to a prescribed schedule toprovide the basis for coolant evaluation.4.2 A detailed cleaning and conditioning procedure is es-sential to obtain statistically significant and reproducible re-sults. New, or nearly new, vehicles are preferred for field tests.5. Significance and Use5.1 The data obtaine
10、d from the use of this practice willprovide a basis for the evaluation of coolant performance inpassenger car and light truck service. The data obtained mayalso be used to provide added significance to the data obtainedfrom simulated service and engine dynamometer tests.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Vehicles
11、 In selecting vehicles to be used toconduct field tests of coolants intended for automobiles andlight trucks, consideration should be given to the current rangeof cooling system designs and materials. It is advisable toinclude both brazed aluminum and soldered copper/brassradiators as well as engine
12、s made of cast iron and those withaluminum heads or blocks, or both. A matrix including everypossible variable combination of such features is not required,especially if vehicles representing the extremes are included inthe field tests. This includes aluminum engine with aluminumradiator and heater
13、core, cast iron engine with copper/brassradiator and heater core, and a cast iron engine with analuminum radiator and a copper/brass heater core. Pressurizedsurge tanks as well as unpressurized coolant overflow reser-voirs should be tested. Select vehicles that will be subjected toa wide range of op
14、erating schedules. These ranges shouldinclude high-usage vehicles which accumulate miles rapidly,vehicles operationally biased toward higher temperatures, andlow-mileage vehicles (1000 miles/month) that can developaccelerated localized corrosion due to non-flowing coolant. Nosingle operating schedul
15、e is preferred over another. New, or1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D15 on EngineCoolants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D15.10 on Dynamometerand Road Tests.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originallyapproved in 1969. Last pre
16、vious edition approved in 2004 as D 2847 99(2004).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright
17、ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.nearly new, vehicles are preferred because of possible difficul-ties, explained in 9.2.1, in cleaning older cooling systems priorto test.6.2 Metal Corrosion SpecimensThe description, specifi-catio
18、n, preparation, cleaning, and weighing of the metalcorrosion specimens used in this practice are given in detail inTest Method D 1384. The metal specimens are assembled fortest as shown in Fig. 1. Each set of specimens is mounted in acanvas reinforced phenolic tube illustrated in Fig. 2. Thespecimen
19、 and tube assembly are placed in a capsule which ismounted in the vehicle cooling system. Two types of specimencapsules may be used; the by-pass (partial-flow) heater circuittype (Fig. 3) is the standard capsule, and the full-flow type(Fig. 4) is optional. The partial-flow heater circuit capsule isl
20、ocated between the heater supply and the heater-return lineand shall contain two or more sets of specimens. The full-flowcapsule is installed in the upper radiator hose and contains oneor more sets of specimens.6.2.1 The schematic of the specimen holder installation isshown in Fig. 5. Fig. 6 is a ph
21、otograph of a typical installationof test capsules. The optional full-flow capsule should bemounted as low as possible in the upper radiator hose to ensurecoolant coverage of the metal specimens when the vehicle isnot in use. The partial-flow capsule must be mounted verticallyto avoid trapped air. A
22、 pair of fabricated copper tees with38-in(9.5-mm) outside diameter copper tubing side taps (Fig. 7) arespliced into the heater hose lines to provide a constant bypassflow through the specimen capsule. The circuit must be soarranged that coolant flows through the capsule whenever thevehicle is in ope
23、ration. On air-conditioned vehicles with avacuum-operated heater flow control valve, the by-pass teemust be installed ahead of the flow control valve to insureconstant flow.7. Safety Precautions7.1 All coolant concentrates and their solutions should beconsidered harmful or fatal if swallowed.7.2 Cau
24、tion should be used when removing the radiator capfrom a hot cooling system.7.3 All installations shall be made with the engine cooled toambient air temperature to avoid burns.7.4 Disconnect the hot (positive) battery lead to prevent theengine from starting to avoid hand injury by drive belts or fan
25、blades.FIG. 1 Corrosion Specimen BundleFIG. 2 Specimen Bundle SleeveFIG. 3 By-Pass (Heater Circuit) Specimen CapsuleFIG. 4 Full-Flow Specimen CapsuleD28470727.5 The engine exhaust should be vented when the engine isrun indoors at normal temperatures to check for cooling systemleaks.8. Sampling8.1 Co
26、olant samples are removed from the test vehiclethrough the sample valve mounted on the partial-flow capsule.The 6-oz (180-mL) coolant samples are kept in polyethylenebottles equipped with screw caps and suitable labels.Areservesupply of pre-mixed coolant is used to replace the coolantsamples. If foa
27、ming tendency is not checked, a 2-oz (60-mL)sample is adequate.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Engine Reconditioning:9.1.1 Inspect the engine of the test vehicle carefully andcomplete any necessary repairs. Check the cooling system forthe following common defects: cylinder head gasket failureresultin
28、g in exhaust gas contamination of the coolant, and airinducted into the coolant due to a worn coolant pump face sealor defective lower radiator hose connection.9.2 Cooling System Preparation:9.2.1 Vehicles subject to field tests must have coolingsystems that can be satisfactorily cleaned initially w
29、ith mildchelate or detergent type commercial cleansers. Such cleanersmay allow small concentrations of some chemicals to carryover into the coolant to be tested, and this factor may beappraised from analyses of the initial and periodic coolantsamples. New, or nearly new, vehicles are preferred to mi
30、ni-mize cleaning and possible carryover problems. It is possible toclean older cooling systems with oxalic acid, and a procedurefor that alternative is included in the appendixes. However,considerable caution must be exercised in cleaning, neutraliz-ing, and inspecting systems cleaned with oxalic ac
31、id. Someresearchers have reported deleterious carryover effects thatpersist during tests conducted after oxalic acid cleaning.Engines that have cooling systems that are heavily rusted,pitted, or porous are more susceptible to such carryover. Thepresence of oil or grease accumulations in the cooling
32、systemmay justify exclusion of the vehicle from test if the oil cannotbe removed by the cleaner selected.9.2.2 In addition to monitoring changes in the properties ofthe coolant and measuring corrosion rates by means of themetal coupons, an appraisal of the long term effects on thecooling system part
33、s may be an added objective. This mayinclude an evaluation of radiator tube plugging, solder bloom-ing, seal leakage, accumulations of sediment and the effects oniron and aluminum engine parts subjected to higher thermalstress than on the corresponding metal coupons. Parts of thecooling system of pa
34、rticular interest may appropriately bereplaced with new parts during the initial preparations.9.2.2.1 ACooling System Flush and Fill Kit3(see Fig.A1.1)will permit quick and effective flushing of the system.9.2.2.2 With system filled with tap water, pressure test tocheck for external leaks.9.2.2.3 Pr
35、essure test radiator cap and examine radiator fillerneck seat for dents or nicks. The pressure rating of the cap andfiller neck combination may be tested by removing the tem-perature sensing unit and attaching the pressure tester to asuitable threaded fitting.9.2.2.4 Drain cooling system as thorough
36、ly as possible.9.2.2.5 Repair any leaks. Examine radiator, heater, andcoolant recovery reservoir hoses, and replace if necessary.Install new hose for evaluation of coolant effects on elasto-meric materials.9.2.2.6 Install the by-pass tees, the extra hoses and the fulland partial flow capsules, but n
37、ot the coupons, as illustrated inFig. 5 and Fig. 7. This will allow cleaning of these componentsat the same time the rest of the cooling system is cleaned.9.2.2.7 Clean the cooling system with a commercial auto-motive chelate or detergent-type cleaner, following the manu-facturers directions. The ex
38、pansion reservoir must also bedrained and cleaned. Follow this by flushing the system twicewith distilled or deionized water. Then drain the coolingsystem as completely as possible. By opening appropriate hoseconnections, the heater core and the by-pass capsule hoses maybe blown out with dry, oil fr
39、ee, compressed air. Inspect theinterior surfaces of the cooling system. This may require somedisassembly such as removal of the coolant outlet, the coolantpump, and accessible core hole plugs. Fiber optic inspectionequipment may be useful. The extent of such inspections shallbe commensurate with the
40、 test requirements and must neces-sarily be in accordance with agreement of the parties involved.9.2.2.8 Remove the flushing tee and reassemble the coolingsystem for normal operation. The preweighed metal couponsshould be installed in the full flow and partial flow capsules.9.2.2.9 Fill the cooling
41、system with test coolant preparedwith glycol antifreeze and corrosive water as described in TestMethod D 1384. The glycol concentration should give a freezepoint of 20 6 2F (29 6 1C), which corresponds to 44 %by volume of ethylene glycol (or other percentages of otherglycols) unless climatic extreme
42、s require lower freeze points.The expansion reservoir shall be filled to the marked level withthe same coolant solution. Run the engine long enough to3“Prestone” Flush and Fill Kit, or equivalent.FIG. 5 Schematic of Specimen Capsule InstallationD2847073ensure that any air trapped in the system is ex
43、pelled, and checkthe system for leaks. Upon cool down, the coolant level in theexpansion reservoir will need to be checked and brought to theproper level.9.2.2.10 Label the radiator and expansion reservoir fill capsconspicuously to show a coolant test is being conducted, andinclude instructions with
44、 whom to contact in case coolantadditions are needed or other problems occur. Obtain the initialcoolant sample and record the start-of-test date, odometerreading, and engine hour reading.10. Procedure10.1 Test the coolant being evaluated in a minimum of fivevehicles at the recommended concentration.
45、10.2 Vehicle operating conditions may vary considerably inany test fleet; therefore, record the type of service for eachvehicle. Mileage accumulation rates may vary considerably;therefore, the recommended inspections in 10.5 may be diffi-cult to schedule.Alternative inspection and sampling schedules
46、may be developed to suit the needs and circumstances of thetest.10.3 The recommended concentration for coolant is listedbelow. Weather conditions in Northern areas may requiretesting at a higher concentration. Evaluate other cooling systemproducts at the recommended or implied concentration, in thep
47、roduct use directions. Coolant concentrations and normalcoolant operating temperature ranges are as follows:Concentration, volume %, or 44Freezing point, F (C) 20 (29)Range for normal operating temperature of enginecoolant, F (C)180 to 235 (82 to 113)10.4 Use a synthetic corrosive water as described
48、 in AnnexA2 to dilute the coolant.Additions to the cooling system duringthe test should be the prescribed mixture of coolant andcorrosive water.10.5 Perform periodic inspections throughout the test asgiven in Table 1.11. Calculation11.1 Record the corrosion data in milligrams per specimen.If it is d
49、esired to convert these values to millimetres of metalpenetration for the given period of test, use the followingformula and the densities listed for the metals used in the test.This calculation is based upon the assumption that uniformcorrosion occurred over the entire exposed surface.FIG. 6 Full-Flow and Partial-Flow Specimen CapsulesNOTE 1Dimension A is 19.1 or 16.0 mm (34 or58 in.) diameterdepending on size of heater hose.FIG. 7 By-Pass TeeD2847074Millimetres penetration per total time of test exposure Note2!5metal weight loss, mg/ mm3/metal density, mg/mm3
