1、Designation: D2889 95 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Test Method forCalculation of True Vapor Pressures of Petroleum DistillateFuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2889; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes the calculation of true vaporpressures of petroleum distillate fuels for wh
3、ich distillationdata may be obtained in accordance with Test Method D86without reaching a decomposition point prior to obtaining 90volume % distilled.1.2 The test method may be used to calculate vapor pres-sures at temperatures between the 0 % equilibrium flashtemperature and the critical temperatur
4、e of the fuel. Provisionis included for obtaining a calculated critical temperature forfuels for which it is not known.1.3 Critical pressure-temperature data are usually not avail-able for petroleum fuels. However, if both the critical pressureand critical temperature are known, the values shall be
5、used asthe coordinates in Fig. 1 to establish a critical point to be usedinstead of the focal point established as described in 6.5.4; andthe calculations described in 6.5 through 6.5.4 are not required.If either a determined true boiling point or determined equi-librium flash vaporization temperatu
6、re at 0 % distilled atatmospheric pressure is known, the determined value shall beused to establish the lower limit of the bubble-point linereferred to in 6.4.1.4 The method is not reliable for distillate fuels having aboiling range of less than 100F (38C) between the TestMethod D86 10 and 90 volume
7、 % distilled temperatures.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesaf
8、ety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D86 Test Method for Distillatio
9、n of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum andPetroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Temperature Pressure Conversion Chart (16 by 20in. draw-ings)33. Summary of Test Method3.1 Equilibrium flash vaporization (EFV) temperatures ar
10、ecalculated from distillation data (Test Method D86) determinedon the sample. The distillation data, calculated EFV data, andAPI gravity of the sample are used with a graphical correlationprocedure to obtain two pairs of temperature-pressure coordi-nates through which the bubble-point line of the ph
11、ase diagramfor the sample may be drawn. The calculated true vaporpressure at a specified temperature is obtained by reading thepressure at the intersection of the bubble-point line andspecified temperature.NOTE 1Details of the procedure and data substantiating its validityfor establishing equilibriu
12、m flash vaporization temperatures have beenpublished.44. Significance and Use4.1 The true vapor pressure of a distillate fuel is a relativemeasurement, both of the tendency of the most volatile portionof the fuel to gasify, and of the restraining pressure required toprevent gasification of the most
13、volatile portion. Thus themeasurement is of importance when a fuel is to be utilized inapplications where no gasification may be tolerated, and1This test method is under jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.04.0Ko
14、n Correlative Methods.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published November 2010. Originallyapproved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D288995(2005)1.DOI: 10.1520/D2889-95R10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at
15、 serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJD2889. Original adjunct produced in 1987.4Edmister, W. C., and Okamoto, K. K., “Applied Hydrocar
16、bon Thermodynam-ics, Part 12: Equilibrium Flash Vaporization Correlations for Petroleum Fractions,”Petroleum Refiner, PEREA, Vol 38, No. 8, 1959, p. 117.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.temperature-pressure conditions
17、are expected to be near thetrue vapor pressure of the fuel.5. Data Requirements5.1 Distillation temperatures at the initial boiling point(IBP) and 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 volume % distilled obtained inaccordance with Test Method D86.5.2 API gravity determined in accordance with Test MethodD287, or a
18、method of equivalent accuracy.6. Procedure6.1 Calculate the 10/70 slope, F/%, of theTest Method D86distillation using the 10 and 70 volume % distilled temperature.Using this slope and the Test Method D86 50 volume %distilled temperature, obtain to the nearest 61F a temperaturedifference, F, from Fig
19、. 2. Add F to the Method D86 50volume % temperature to obtain the equilibrium flash vapor-ization (EFV) 50 volume % temperature.6.2 Calculate the differences between the Test Method D86IBPand 10 volume %, the 10 and 30 volume %, and the 30 and50 volume % temperatures. Using these differences, obtain
20、 tothe nearest 1F, the temperature differences between corre-sponding EFV percentages from Fig. 3.6.3 Calculate the EFV zero volume percent temperature bysubtracting the sum of the three differences obtained from Fig.3, from the EFV 50 volume % temperature calculated inaccordance with 6.1.6.4 Plot a
21、 point on Fig. 13,5at the coordinates, 14.7 psia andthe calculated EFV 0 % temperature. This point establishes thelower end of the phase boundary line commonly referred to asthe bubble-point line. If the EFV 0 % temperature at atmo-spheric pressure has been measured, use the measured valueinstead of
22、 the calculated value.6.5 Use the following procedure and the curves on the rightportion of Fig. 1 to obtain coordinates for the upper end, orfocal point, of the bubble-point line. If both the criticaltemperature and critical pressure of the fuel are known, thecalculations described in 6.5.1 through
23、 6.5.4 are not carriedout. The critical temperature and critical pressure are used as5Precision of the test method as given in Section 6 was obtained using 812 by11in. charts and should be improved using the 16 by 20in. charts.FIG. 1 Test Method D86 Distillation Temperature and Equalization Flash Va
24、porization Temperature Pressure Conversion ChartD2889 95 (2010)2the coordinates in Fig. 1 to define a critical point to be usedinstead of the focal point.6.5.1 Calculate to the nearest 0.1 unit the 10/90 slope of theTest Method D86 distillation curve, F/volume %, as thedifference between 10 and 90 v
25、olume % distilled temperaturesdivided by 80.6.5.2 Calculate to the nearest 1F, the volumetric averageboiling point (VABP) as the sum of the Test Method D86 10,30, 50, 70, and 90 volume % distilled temperatures divided by5.6.5.3 Calculate to the nearest 0.1 unit the ratio:VABP/10/90 Slope 1 16.0! (1)
26、6.5.4 Enter Fig. 1 on the lower right scale at theTest MethodD86 VABP temperature. From the intersection of the VABPtemperature and the line of constantAPI gravity correspondingto the gravity of the sample, proceed horizontally to the pointof intersection with the line corresponding to the 10/90 slo
27、pe ofthe Test Method D86 distillation. From this point proceedvertically to the intersection with the ratio calculated for thesample according to the previous section. This point ofintersection establishes the upper end, or focal point of thebubble-point line.6.6 Draw the bubble-point line on Fig. 1
28、 by connecting thetwo points (6.4 and 6.5.4) with a straight line.6.7 Obtain the calculated true vapor pressure psia, at anyspecified temperature below the critical temperature by readingthe vertical pressure scale of Fig. 1 at the intersection of thebubble-point line with the specified temperature.
29、6.7.1 If either a determined critical temperature or deter-mined critical pressure is known, the point of its intersectionwith the bubble-point line defines the maximum vapor pressureto be reported.6.7.2 If neither the critical temperature nor critical pressureis known, obtain a calculated approxima
30、te critical temperaturefrom Fig. 4.6The point of intersection of the calculated criticaltemperature with the bubble-point line defines the maximumvapor pressure to be reported.7. Report7.1 Report the results as indicated in the following tabula-tion:Vapor Pressure Range,psia:Report to theNearest:100
31、 and below 1100 to 200 2200 to 500 5Above 500 107.2 The calculated true vapor pressure psia may be con-verted to the International System of Units (SI) of kilopascals(kPa) by multiplying the results obtained in 7.1 by theconversion factor 6.894757 and then rounding to the appropri-ate number of sign
32、ificant digits.8. Precision and Bias8.1 PrecisionThe precision of this test method as deter-mined by statistical examination of interlaboratory results is asfollows:8.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between successive testresults, obtained by the same operator with the same apparatusunder constant o
33、perating conditions on identical test material,would, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation ofthe test method, exceed the following value only in one case intwenty: the larger of 2 psia (14 kPa) or 4 % of the mean of thetwo results.8.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two, sing
34、leand independent results, obtained by different operators work-ing in different laboratories on identical test material, would, inthe normal and correct operation of the test method, exceed thefollowing value only 1 case in 20: the larger of 2 psia (14 kPa)or 8 % of the mean of the two results.NOTE
35、 2The preceding repeatability and reproducibility were obtainedfrom results submitted by seven laboratories that cooperatively tested fourturbine fuels with initial boiling points in the range 320 to 400F (160 to204C), and end points in the range 430 to 534F (221 to 279C). Eachlaboratory determined
36、the required distillation and gravity data in dupli-cate, and performed the calculations required for this procedure once foreach of the two sets of determined data for each sample. Vapor pressureswere not determined during the cooperative program.8.2 BiasThe bias of the true vapor pressures obtaine
37、d bythis test method has not been evaluated. Determined true vaporpressures were not known for the fuels cooperatively tested.9. Keywords9.1 API gravity; D86 distillation; true vapor pressure6Technical Data Book-Petroleum Refining,American Petroleum Institute, 2101L St. NW, Washington, DC 20037. Fig
38、. 4 is a modified version of Fig. 4 A1.2,Chapter 4.FIG. 2 Test Method D86 50 % Distilled Temperature versusEquilibrium Flash Vaporization 50 % TemperatureD2889 95 (2010)3FIG. 3 Test Method D86 Distillation Temperature Differences Versus Equilibrium Flash Vaporization Temperature DifferencesFIG. 4 Cr
39、itical Temperature, Gravity, and Test Method D86Volumetric Average Boiling Point FD2889 95 (2010)4APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. EXAMPLE OF TRUE VAPOR PRESSURE CALCULATIONX1.1 Calculate the true vapor pressure at 400F, for a fuelfor which the following data have been determined:API gravityMet
40、hod D86 distillation, F(IBP)-IP 12340.00 % 27510 % 34530 % 40450 % 43670 % 46590 % 505X1.1.1 From Fig. 2, using the 10/70 slope of 2.0 and the50 % distillation temperature, a value of 6 is obtained as theincrement to add to the 50 % distillation temperature to obtainthe EFV 50 % temperature. Thus th
41、e calculated 50 % tempera-ture is 436 6, or 430F.X1.1.2 From Fig. 3, usingASTM temperature differences of70 for 0 to 10 %, 59 for 10 to 30 %, and 32 for 30 to 50 %, EFVtemperature differences of 34, 37, and 17, respectively, wereobtained and their sum determined to be 88. Thus the calcu-lated EFV 0
42、% temperature is 430 88, or 342F. The coordi-nates for the lower end of the bubble-point line are 342F and14.7 psia (distillation pressure), as plotted on Fig. 1.X1.1.3 The slope of the Test Method D86 distillation curvefrom 10 to 90 % is equal to (505 345)/80, or 2.0F/%.X1.1.4 The volumetric averag
43、e boiling point is equal to(345 + 404 + 436 + 465 + 505)/5, or 431F.X1.1.5 The ratio, VABP/(10/90 Slope + 16.0) is 431/(2.0 + 16.0), or 23.9.X1.1.6 The results of the calculations, X1.1.1 to X1.1.5 areshown in Fig. 1. The first datum entered in Fig. 1 was theVABP, 431F, on the lower right scale, and
44、 other data wereused as required and indicated by the heavy broken line toestablish the focal point. The bubble-point line then was drawnby connecting the focal point and the point obtained asexplained in X1.1.2.X1.1.7 The calculated true vapor pressure at 400F, as readfrom the bubble-point line is
45、27 psia.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rig
46、hts, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional
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48、 Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D2889 95 (2010)5
