1、Designation: D2937 10D2937 17Standard Test Method forDensity of Soil in Place by the Drive-Cylinder Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2937; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determin
3、ation of in-place density of soil by the drive-cylinder method. The test method involvesobtaining a relatively an intact soil sample by driving a thin-walled cylinder and the subsequent activities into the soil andconducting specific measurements and calculations for the determination of in-place de
4、nsity. When sampling or in-place densityis required at depth, Test Method D1587 should be used.1.2 This test method is not appropriaterecommended for sampling organic or friable soils which can compress upon sampling,may compress during sampling. This test method may not be applicable for soft, orga
5、nic, highly plastic, noncohesive, saturatedor other soils which are easily deformed, compress during sampling, or which may not be retained in the drive cylinder sampler.This test may not be applicable with very hard natural soils andor heavily compacted soils which cannot that may not be easilypene
6、trated bywith the drive sampler, soils of low plasticity which will not be readily retained in the cylinder, or soils which containappreciable amounts of gravel (particles coarser than 4.75 mm (cylinder sampler. The use of this test method in soils containingan appreciable amount of 316 in.).The pre
7、sence of particles coarserparticles larger than 4.75 mm (316 in.) may introduce significanterrors in density measurements by causing result in damage to the drive cylinder equipment. Soils containing particles larger than4.75 mm (316voids in.) may not yield valid results if voids are created along t
8、he wall of the cylinder during driving, and whencoarse materials have to be dislodged by the trimming of the sample obtained by the cylinder.or if particles are dislodged fromthe sample ends during trimming.1.3 This test method is limited to the procedures necessary for obtaining specimens suitable
9、for determining the in-place densityand water content of certain soils. The procedures procedures, precautions, and precautionsrequirements necessary for selectinglocations andfor obtaining intact samples, suitable for laboratory testing or otherwise determining engineering properties, is beyondthe
10、scope of this test method.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions, which are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard.1.4.1 It is common practice in the engineering/construct
11、ion profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit ofmass (lbm) and a unit of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and thegravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inc
12、h-pound units within a singlestandard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug unit formass. However, the use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or the recording of density in lbm/ft3 shall not beregarded as n
13、onconformance with this standard.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026, unless superseded by this standard.1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this stan
14、dard are regarded as the industrystandard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do notconsider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the users objectives;
15、and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of
16、 the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on
17、Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special and ConstructionControl Tests.Current edition approved March 15, 2010Feb. 1, 2017. Published April 2010February 2017. Originally approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 20042010as D2937 04.D2937 10. DOI: 10.
18、1520/D2937-10.10.1520/D2937-17.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommen
19、ds that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
20、West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)D1557 Test Methods for Lab
21、oratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700kN-m/m3)D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Fine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2488 Prac
22、tice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD4643 Test Method for Determination of Water Content of Soil and Rock by M
23、icrowave Oven HeatingD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and ConstructionMaterials TestingD4944 Test Method for Field Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil by the Calcium Carbide Gas Pressure TesterD4959 Test Method fo
24、r Determination of Water Content of Soil By Direct HeatingD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsAll definitions are in accordance with For common terms found in this standard refer to Terminology D653.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method
25、can be used to determine the in-place density of soils which do not contain significant amounts of particlescoarserlarger than 4.75 mm (316 in.), and which can be readily retained in the drive cylinder. This test method may also be usedto determine the in-place density of compacted soils used in con
26、struction of structural fill, highway embankments, or earth dams.When the in-place density is to be used as a basis for acceptance, the drive cylinder volumes must be as large as practical and notless than 850 cm3 (0.030 ft3 ).4.2 This test method is not recommended for use in organic or friable soi
27、ls. This test method may not be applicable for soft,highly plastic, noncohesive, saturated or other soils which are easily deformed, compress during sampling, or which may not beretained in the drive cylinder. The use of this test method in soils containing particles coarser than 4.75 mm (316 in.) m
28、ay resultin damage to the drive cylinder equipment. Soils containing particles coarser than 4.75 mm (316 in.) may not yield valid resultsif voids are created along the wall of cylinder during driving, or if particles are dislodged from the sample ends during trimming.4.2 The general principles of th
29、is test method have been successfully used to obtain samples of somevarious field compactedfine-grained soils having a maximum particle size of 4.75 mm (316 in.) for purposes other than density determinations, such as thetesting for engineering properties.NOTE 1Notwithstanding the statements on prec
30、ision and bias contained in this standard: The precision of this test method is dependent on thecompetence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies which meet the criteria of Practice D3740are generally considered capable of competent and obje
31、ctive testing. Users of this method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does notin itself assure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Drive Cylinders, of approximately 102100 to 1
32、52 mm (4.00 to 6.00 in.) diameter or larger.diameter. Larger sizes may beused if desired or required. Typical details of drive cylinders with outside diameters of 102100 mm (4.00 in.) are shown in Fig.1 (see also Table 1). Drive cylinders of other diameters will require proportional changes in the d
33、rive-cylinder tube and drive-headdimensions. The volume of the cylinders with the dimensions shown in Fig. 1 is approximately 940 cm3 (0.033 ft3). The apparatusshown in Fig. 1 is of a design suitable for use at or near the surface.5.1.1 When the in-place density is to be used as a basis for acceptan
34、ce of compacted fill, the drive cylinders shall be as largeas practical to minimizereduce the effects of errors and shall in no case be smallerbe equal to or greater than 850 cm3 (0.030 ft3).5.1.2 The number of drive cylinders required depends will depend on the number of samples to be taken and the
35、 anticipatedrapidity by which the cylinders can be returned to service after weighing, cleaning, etc.processing.5.1.3 The cylinders shown in Fig. 1 meet the clearance ratio, wall thickness and area-ratio requirements as set forth byHvorslev3 for drive cylinder samplers, and should preferably shall n
36、ot exceed 10 to 15 %, as defined by the following:Ar 5Dw22De2!/De2#3100 (1)2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the
37、 ASTM website.3 Hvorslev, M. J., “Surface Exploration and Sampling of Soils for Engineering Purposes,” Engineering Foundation, 345 E. 47th St., New York, NY 10017.D2937 172where:Ar = area ratio, %,Dw = maximum external diameter of the drive cylinder, andDe = effective (minimum) internal diameter of
38、the drive sampler at the cutting edge after swaging.5.1.4 Except for very short drive cylinder samplers with no clearance, the inside clearance ratio of the drive cylinders shouldshall be from 0.5 to 3.0 %, with increasing ratios as the plasticity increases in the soil being sampled. Inside clearanc
39、e ratio isdefined by the following:Cr5Di2DeDe 3100 (2)where:Cr = inside clearance ratio, %All length dimensions are in millimeters.FIG. 1 Typical Design for a Surface Soil SamplerTABLE 1 Dimensional Equivalent for Fig. 1mm in. mm in.2 564 103 4 1164 532 115 4125 316 127 5.0019 34 155 6.0044 134 212
40、8.0076 3.0 865 36.0098 378 1096 45.00102 4.00100 4.00D2937 173De = effective (minimum) internal diameter of the sampler at the cutting edge after swaging, andDi = internal diameter of the sampler.5.1.5 Cylinders Drive cylinders of other diameters shouldshall conform to these requirements.5.2 Drive H
41、eadThe typical details of the drive headshead and appurtenances are shown in Fig. 1. The drive head has a slidingweight for driving the cylinder.5.3 Straightedgesteel,Steel, approximately 3 mm (18 in.) by 38 mm (112 in.) by 305 mm (12.0 in.) with one edge sharpenedat approximately a 45 angle for tri
42、mming the ends of the sample flush with the cylinder.5.4 ShovelAny one of several types of shovels or spades is satisfactory in shallow sampling for digging the cylinders out afterthey have been driven into the soil.5.5 BalancesBalanceAbalance having a minimum capacity of 10 kg (22 lbs) and meeting
43、the requirements of SpecificationD4753 for a balance of 1 g (0.002 lbs) readability is required for the cylinders shown in Fig. 1. Larger cylinders will require abalance of 25 kg (55 lbs) capacity with readability of 1 gm (0.002 lbs).5.6 Drying EquipmentEquipment or ovens, or both, to determine dry
44、specimens, facilitating the determination of water(moisture) content in complianceaccordance with Test Methods D2216, D4643, D4944, or D4959.5.7 Miscellaneous EquipmentBrushes, sledgehammers, plastic bags, metal cans with lids, or other suitable containers forretaining the drive cylinder and sample
45、until the determination of moist mass and drying, spoons, inside/outside vernier caliper,or the equivalent water content can be determined. Spoons, inside/outside caliper, or equivalent, accurate to 0.25 mm (0.01 in.)for calibration, gloves, and safety glasses.calibration.5.8 Safety EquipmentGloves
46、and safety glasses. Steel-toed shoes or boots if required by agency.6. Procedure6.1 Brush all loose particles from the surface. For near-surface sampling (not more than 1 m (3 ft) in depth), sample througha hole bored with an auger or dug by a shovel from which loosened material has been removed. Ob
47、tain a fairly level ground surfacebefore the cylinder isThe surface where the cylinder initially is placed should be fairly level prior to the cylinder being driven.Depending on the soil texturetype and moisture, moisture condition, the surface may be prepared utilizing a bulldozer blade orother hea
48、vy equipment blades providedproviding the sample area and vicinity are not deformed, compressed, torn, or otherwisedisturbed.6.2 Assemble the cylinder and drive apparatus with the sharpened edge on the surface to be sampled. Drive the cylinder byraising the drop hammer and allowing it to fall, or al
49、ternatively by applying a uniform force via a jack or similar device, whilekeeping the drive rod steady and in a vertical position. Continue driving until the top of the cylinder is approximately 13 mm(1/2(12 in.) below the original surface as shown in Fig. 2. Overdriving may result in deforming or compressing the sample andmay provide erroneous influence the test results. Care shouldshall be takenexercised to prevent overdriving, particularly whensampling below the surface. If overdriving occurs or is suspected, the sample shouldshall be dis
