1、Designation: D2974 13D2974 14Standard Test Methods forMoisture, Ash, and Organic Matter of Peat and OtherOrganic Soils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2974; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of moisture content, ash content, and organic matter in peats and oth
3、er organicsoils, such as organic clays, silts, and mucks. Test Method D2216 provides an alternative method for determining moisture contentin mineral soils and rock.1.1.1 Test Method AMoisture is determined by drying peat or organic sample at 110 6 5C.1.1.2 Test Method BAlternative moisture method w
4、hich removes the total moisture in two steps: (1) evaporation of moistureat room temperature, (2) subsequent oven drying of air dried sample at 110 6 5C. This method is used when the peat is to beused as fuel.1.1.3 Test Method CAsh content of a peat or organic soil sample, for general purposes, is d
5、etermined by igniting oven driedsample from moisture content determination in a furnace at 440 6 40C.1.1.4 Test Method DAsh content of a peat or organic soil sample, for materials used for fuel, is determined by igniting ovendried sample from moisture content determination in a furnace at 750 6 38C.
6、1.2 Test Method A should be used for general classification, except for use of the peat as a fuel. Test Method B should be usedwhen peats are being evaluated for use as a fuel1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this stan
7、dard.Use Practice D6026 for determining significant digits to report.1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026.1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this stan
8、dard are regarded as the industrystandard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do notconsider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the users objectives;
9、and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.It is beyone the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of
10、 the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.5 This test method offers a set of instructions for performing one
11、or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this test method may beapplicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by
12、 which theadequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a projectsmany unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved thoughthe ASTM consensus process.2. Referenc
13、ed Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.22 on Soil as a Mediumfor Plant Growth.Current edition approved Jun
14、e 1, 2013Nov. 1, 2014. Published July 2013November 2014. Originally approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 20072013 asD2974 07a.D2974 13. DOI: 10.1520/D2974-13.10.1520/D2974-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at servic
15、eastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Be
16、causeit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section app
17、ears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2944 Practice of Sampling Processed Peat MaterialsD37
18、40 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and ConstructionMaterials TestingD6026 Practi
19、ce for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical DataE145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For common definitions of common technical terms in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 Test Method AMoistu
20、re is determined by drying a peat or organic soil sample at 110 6 5C. The moisture content isexpressed as a percent of the oven dry mass.4.2 Test Method BThis is an alternative moisture method which removes the total moisture in two steps: (1) evaporation ofmoisture in air at room temperature (air-d
21、rying), and (2) the subsequent oven drying of the air-dried sample at 110 6 5C. Thismethod is used when the peat is to be used as fuel. The moisture content is expressed as both a percent of the oven dry mass andof the as received mass.4.3 Test Methods C and DAsh content of a peat or organic soil sa
22、mple is determined by igniting the oven-dried sample fromthe moisture content determination in a furnace at 440 6 40C (Test Method C) or 750 6 38C (Test Method D). The substanceremaining after ignition is the ash. The ash content is expressed as a percentage of the mass of the oven-dried sample.4.4
23、Organic matter is determined by subtracting percent ash content from one hundred.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method can be used to determine the moisture content, ash content, and percent organic matter in soil.5.2 The percent organic matter is important in the following: (1) classifying pe
24、at or other organic soil, (2) geotechnical andgeneral classification purposes, and (3) when peats are being evaluated as a fuel.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of theequipment and facilities
25、used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objectivetesting/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliableresults depend on many fact
26、ors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 Oven, meeting the requirements of E145 and capable of being regulated to a constant temperature of 110 6 5C.6.2 The temperature of 110 6 5C is quite critical for organic soils. The oven should be checked for “ho
27、t spots” to avoidpossible ignition of the specimen.6.3 Furnace, capable of producing constant temperatures of 440 6 40C and 750 6 38C.6.4 Balance or Scale, a balance or scale for determining the mass of the soil having a minimum capacity of 500 g and meetingthe requirements of Guide D4753 for a bala
28、nce or scale of 0.01 g readability.6.5 Rubber Sheet, Oil Cloth, or other non-absorbent material.6.6 Evaporating Dishes, of high silica or porcelain of not less than 100-mL capacity.6.7 Aluminum Foil, heavy-duty.6.8 Porcelain Pan, Spoons, and equipment of the like.6.9 Desiccator.7. Sampling and Test
29、Specimens7.1 Place a representative field sample on a rubber sheet, oil cloth, or equivalent material and mix thoroughly.7.2 Reduce the sample to the quantity required for a test specimen by quartering.7.3 Place the test specimen and the remaining sample in separate waterproof containers.7.4 Work ra
30、pidly to prevent moisture loss or perform the operation in a room with a high humidity.D2974 1428. Procedure8.1 Moisture Content Determination:8.1.1 Test Method A:8.1.1.1 Record to the nearest 0.01 g the mass of a high silica or porcelain evaporating dish fitted with a heavy-duty aluminumfoil cover.
31、 The dish shall have a capacity of not less than 100 mL.8.1.1.2 Following the instruction in Section 7 above, place a test specimen of at least 50 g in the container described in 8.1.1.1.Crush soft lumps with a spoon or spatula. The thickness of peat in the container should not exceed 3 cm.8.1.1.3 R
32、ecord the mass to the nearest 0.01 g.8.1.1.4 Dry uncovered for at least 16 h at 110 6 5C or until there is less than 0.1 % change in mass of the sample per hour.Remove from the oven, cover tightly, cool in a desiccator, and record the mass to the nearest 0.01 g keeping exposure to the roomatmosphere
33、 to a minimum.8.1.2 Calculations for Test Method A:8.1.2.1 Calculate the moisture content as follows:Moisture Content,%5A 2B! 3100#/B (1)where:A = mass of the as-received test specimen, g, andB = mass of the oven-dried specimen, g.(1) This calculation is used for general purposes (except when the pe
34、at is to be used as a fuel) and the result should be referredto as the moisture content as a percentage of oven-dried mass.8.1.3 Test Method B:8.1.3.1 This test method should be used if the peat is to be used as a fuel.8.1.3.2 Following the instructions in 7.1Section 7above, select a 100 to 300 g re
35、presentative test specimen. Determine the massof this test specimen to the nearest 0.01 g and spread it evenly on a large flat pan. Crush soft lumps with a spoon or spatula andlet the sample come to moisture equilibrium with room air. This will require at least 24 h. Stir occasionally during the nor
36、malworkday to maintain maximum air exposure of the entire sample. Continue drying until there is less than 0.1% change in massper hour, then calculate the moisture removed during air drying as a percentage of the as-received mass.8.1.3.3 Thoroughly mix After thoroughly mixing the air-dried sample an
37、d weigh sample, obtain 50 g of air-dried samplematerial and record to the nearest 0.01 g.8.1.3.4 Place the sample in a container as described in 8.1.1 and proceed as in Test Method A.8.1.4 Calculations for Test Method B:8.1.4.1 Calculate the moisture content as follows:Moisture Content for Air-Dried
38、 Sample,%5AD 2 B! 3100!B (2)where:AD = mass of the air-dried sample, g, andB = mass of the oven-dried sample, g.(1) This calculation gives moisture content of the air dried sample as a percentage of oven-dried mass.8.2 Ash Content Determination:8.2.1 Test Method C:8.2.1.1 Determine the mass of a cov
39、ered high-silica or porcelain dish to the nearest 0.01 g.8.2.1.2 Place a part or all of the oven-dried test specimen from a moisture determination in the dish and determine the mass ofthe dish and specimen to the nearest 0.01 g.8.2.1.3 Remove the cover and place the dish in a furnace. Gradually brin
40、g the temperature in the furnace to 440 6 40C andhold until the specimen is completely ashed (no change of mass occurs after at least 1 hr period of heating).8.2.1.4 Cool in a desiccator, and determine the mass to the nearest 0.01 g keeping the exposure to the room atmosphere to aminimum.8.2.1.5 Thi
41、s test method should be used for general classification purposes, except the use of peat for fuel.8.2.2 Test Method D:8.2.2.1 Determine the mass of a covered high-silica or porcelain dish to the nearest 0.01 g.8.2.2.2 Place a part of the oven-dried test specimen from a moisture determination in the
42、dish and determine the mass of thedish and specimen to the nearest 0.01 g.8.2.2.3 Remove the cover and place the dish in a furnace. Gradually bring the temperature in the furnace to 750 6 38C andhold until the specimen is completely ashed (no change in mass of the sample after further drying periods
43、 in excess of 1 h).8.2.2.4 Cool in a desiccator, and determine the mass to the nearest 0.01 g keeping the exposure to the room atmosphere to aminimum.8.2.2.5 This test method should be used when peats are being evaluated for use as a fuel.D2974 1438.2.3 Calculation for Test Methods C and D:8.2.3.1 C
44、alculate the ash content as follows:Ash Content,%5C 3100!/B (3)where:C = mass of ash, g, andB = oven-dried test specimen, g.8.3 Organic Matter Determination:8.3.1 Calculation:8.3.1.1 Determine the amount of organic matter to the nearest 0.1 % by difference, as follows:Organic matter,%5100.02D (4)whe
45、re:D = ash content, % (nearest 0.1 %).9. Report: Test Data Sheet(s)/Form(s)9.1 The methodology used to specify how data are recorded on the test data sheet(s)/form(s), as follows, is covered in 1.4.9.2 Record as a minimum the following general information:information (data):9.2.1 Sample/specimen ide
46、ntifying information, such as Project No., Boring No., Sample No., Depth, etc.and alike.9.2.2 Any special selection and preparation process, such as removal of gravel or other materials.9.2.3 Technician name, name or initials, method used and date.9.3 Record as a minimum the following test informati
47、on:specimen data:9.3.1 Results for organic matter and ash content, to the nearest 0.1 %. Use Practice D6026 to determine significant digits.9.3.2 Furnace temperature used for ash content determinations.9.3.3 Express results for moisture content as a percentage of oven-dried mass as follows:9.3.3.1 B
48、elow 100 % to the nearest 1 %.9.3.3.2 Between 100 % and 500 % to the nearest 5 %.9.3.3.3 Between 500 % and 1000 % to the nearest 10 %.9.3.3.4 Above 1000 % to the nearest 20 %.10. Precision and Bias10.1 PrecisionTest data on precision is not presented due to the nature of the soil materials tested by
49、 this test method. It iseither not feasible or too costly at this time to have ten or more laboratories participate in a round-robin testing program.10.1.1 The Subcommittee D18.22 is seeking any data from the users of this test method that might be used to make a limitedstatement on precision.10.2 BiasThere is no accepted reference value for this test method, therefore, bias cannot be determined.11. Keywords11.1 ash content; moisture content; organic soil; peat; percent organic matterSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee D18 has identified the location
