1、Designation: D2980 04 (Reapproved 2010)D2980 17Standard Test Method forVolume Mass,Saturated Density, Moisture-Holding Capacity,and PorocityPorosity of Saturated Peat Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2980; the number immediately following the designation indicates the y
2、ear oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This test method was designed to evaluate the
3、aeration, water penetration, and water retention properties of peat under fieldconditions of water saturation.saturation by measurement of the saturated density, the moisture holding capacity, and the porosity.1.2 UnitsThe values stated in SI units are being regarded as standard. The values given in
4、 parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units, which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026.1.3.1 The procedures used to s
5、pecify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industrystandard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do notconsider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special
6、 purpose studies, or any considerations for the users objectives;and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engine
7、ering design1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Re
8、ferenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD2974 Test Methods for Moisture, Ash, and Organic Matter of Peat and Other Organic SoilsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Use
9、d inEngineering Design and ConstructionD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and ConstructionMaterials TestingD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical DataE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
10、 Sieves3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For common definitions of common terms in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test method sets up standardized conditions for measuring the volume and mass of saturated peat. From these data,saturated volume masses,volu
11、me, mass, moisture-holding capacity (on a mass and volume basis), dry peat volumes, andporocityporosity can be determined.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.22 on Soil as a Medium Mediafor Plant Grow
12、th.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2010Feb. 1, 2017. Published March 2010February 2017. Originally approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 20042010 asD2980 04.D2980 04(2010). DOI: 10.1520/D2980-04R10.10.1520/D2980-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, o
13、r contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. ForAnnual Book ofASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have
14、 been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official docu
15、ment.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Significance and Use4.1 This test method measures the air spaces of peat and the moisture-holding capacity on eit
16、her a mass and/or a volume basisunder conditions of saturation. If large spaces are present, water and air can penetrate easily. If spaces are smaller, the water holdingcapacity is increased. Water holding capacity is larger in humified peat materials (small inter-particulate spaces), whereas watera
17、nd air-penetration is larger in unhumified peat (larger inter-particulate spaces).The spaces can also be aan indication of the oxygenavailable to the plant roots.5.1 The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability
18、of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of PracticeThis test method measures the air-filledspaces (porosity) and the moisture-holding capacity of peat on both a mass and a volume basis under conditions of saturation. Iflarge spaces are present, water and air can penetra
19、te easily. If spaces are smaller, the water holding capacity is increased. Waterholding capacity is larger in humified peat materials (small inter-particulate spaces) (sapric soil), whereas water and air-penetrationis larger in unhumified peat (larger inter-particulate spaces) (fibric soil). The spa
20、ces can also be an indication of the oxygenavailable to the plant roots. As such, the interplay of the D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objectivetesting/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practiceproperties of moisture holdingcap
21、acity and porosity dictate the best use of the harvested organic soil material as well as D3740 does not in itself assure reliableresults. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practicethe best management practices for organic soils. The moisture retentionrelationships of these soils are D3740 pr
22、ovides a means of evaluating some of those factors.critical to decisions involvingirrigation, drainage, and bearing capacity of these soil.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of theequipment and
23、facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objectivetesting/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliableresults depend o
24、n many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5.2 Water retention values are particularly important in the management of organic soils. There is much confusion in theliterature about the moisture retention values being expressed in various bases; as a percent by
25、 volume; as a percent of oven drymass; or as the percent of the wet mass. In some management decisions, it is necessary to express the water contents of organicsoils on a volume basis because of their varied bulk densities, but because of the volume reduction occurring on drying, the watercontents m
26、ust also be expressed on a wet volume basis as collected in the field. Whereas, in other management decisions, moistureretention values are best expressed on a dry mass basis. For example, the difference in mass between the wet and oven dry sampleis the moisture held. These values are best expressed
27、 on a dry mass basis. Water holding capacities show a marked difference dueto the degree of decomposition in an organic soil. The mass of water in fibric soil may be as much as 20 times the mass of thesolid particles, whereas that held in a sapric soil contains less than twice the mass. If the water
28、 holding capacity is expressed ona volume basis these differences are much less apparent.6. Apparatus6.1 Dispensing Apparatus:6.1.1 Two dispensing burets, 250-cm3 capacity in 1-cm3 subdivisions, 62-cm3 tolerance, pinch-cock type;6.1.2 A one-hole No. 6 rubber stopper;6.1.3 Straight polyethylene dryin
29、g tube with serrated rubber tubing fittings, 150 mm long, 19 mm (34 in.) in outside diameter,16 mm (58 in.) in inside diameter;6.2 A 4-mesh sieve conforming to Specification E11;6.3 Balance or Scale, a balance or scale for determining the mass of the soil having a minimum capacity of 500 g and meeti
30、ngthe requirements of Guide D4753 for a balance or scale of 0.01 g readability;6.4 A pre-tared moisture-proof (air-tight) container;6.5 A 5-gal (20-L) bottle equipped with a siphon device;6.6 Dispensing ApparatusTwo dispensing burets, 250-mL capacity in 1-mL subdivisions, 62-mL tolerance, pinch-cock
31、 type;a one-hole No. 6 rubber stopper; straight polyethylene drying tube with serrated rubber tubing fittings, 150 mm long, 19 mm(Stainless 34 in) in outside diameter, 16 mm (58 in.) in inside diameter; a 4-mesh sieve; a balance; a moistureproof (air-tight)container; a 5-gal (20-L) bottle equipped w
32、ith a siphon device; and a stainless steel sieve circle about 16 mesh and 28.7 mm indiameter to be attached to one end of the drying tube and sealed. (Asoldering iron is useful.)Adjust the length of the tube to matchconveniently the graduation of the buret; then scallopcut the end without the sieve
33、to allow for water drainage, and insert the tubeinto the dispensing buret with the sieve side up.6.7 A square piece of rubber sheet, paper, or oil cloth to aid in mixing sample.7. Sample Preparation of Sampling and Test Specimens Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units7.1 Sample:7.1.1 Obtain a samp
34、le as outlined in Section 7 of Test Methods D2974.D2980 1727.1.2 Air-dry the sample in accordance with Method B, 8.1.3.2 of Test Methods D2974 (air dried portion only). Determine andRecord the moisture removed during air-drying as a percentage of the as-received mass to the nearest 0.1 %.7.2 Place a
35、 representative field sample on a square rubber sheet, paper, or oil cloth. Reduce the sample to the quantity requiredby quartering and place in a pre-tared moisture-proof container. Work rapidly to prevent moisture losses.Test Specimen:7.2.1 Place a representative field sample about 300 g on a squa
36、re rubber sheet, paper, or oil cloth.7.2.2 Reduce the sample to the quantity required for a specimen by quartering and place in a pre-tared moisture-proof container.Work rapidly to prevent moisture losses.8. Procedure8.1 Determine the moisture content on a separate test specimen by Method I or II of
37、 Test Methods D2974.8.1.1 Weigh the Determine the mass of the buret fitted with the plastic tube and screen. Working rapidly to prevent moisturelosses, mix the sample thoroughly, place on top of a 4-mesh sieve, and shake until sieving is complete. Use only the portion thathas passed through the siev
38、e for the determination. Firmly pack the buret with 250 mm (10 in.) of the material passing the 4-meshsieve as follows: Attach the rubber stopper to the delivery end of the buret. Add 20-mL approximately 20-cm3 portions of thesample, firmly tapping on the rubber stopper 3 times vertically from a hei
39、ght of 150 mm (6 in.) for a final height of 50250 mm(10 in.) (This will ensure that the height of the final wet volume is 190 to 250 mm. (7.5 to 10 in).in.). Remove the stopper andweigh the buret to nearest 1 g.8.1.2 Position the buret to use a sink as the drain. Place a 20-L (5-gal) bottle equipped
40、 with a siphon device above the level ofthe buret. Connect the clamped rubber tubing of the siphon device to the buret by inserting glass tubing about 125 mm (5 in.) andconstricted at one end into the one-hole rubber stopper fitted tightly into the top of the buret. Attach the rubber tubing with the
41、pinch clamp to the delivery end of the buret. Open both clamps and pass water through the sample for more than 24 h, maintaininga water reservoir over the sample at all times. (Moss-type samples may float but gradually settle as the sample becomes wet.)Afterinitial soaking, regulate the water flow t
42、hrough the column by adjusting the screw clamp at the delivery end of the buret. (Thein-flow of water should be about equal to the out-flow; a flow of about 1 drop/s is suitable.) When the sample is saturated, closeboth clamps and let the sample settle in water for about 5 min. The top surface of th
43、e sample should be as level as possible.8.1.3 Raise the buret and replace the rubber stopper on the delivery end of the buret with a 250-mL250-cm3 dispensing buretfilled with water, using the rubber stopper for the connection. Connect the two burets tightly, with no air leaks. Remove the siphondevic
44、e and open the outlet clamps on both burets to empty. (The suction created is equivalent to about 38 mm (15 in).in.) of water.Check for air leaks to ensure that the standard suction is exerted on the sample. It is important to remove excess water as described.)Measure the height of the wet peat. The
45、 height should be 190 to 250 mm (7.5 to 10 in.). Record the volume in millilitres and weighthe determine the mass of the buret, the plastic tube with the sieve, and the wet peat to the nearest 1 g. Wet the sample again asabove for more than 1 h, drain by suction, record the volume, and mass. Repeat
46、until consistent results are obtained.9. Calculation9.1 Calculate the saturated volume mass, density, S, in grams per millilitre cubic centimetre as follows:As-received:S 5Wr/Vw (1)Oven-dried:S 5Wd/Vw (2)Wet:S 5Ww/Vw (3)where:Wr = mass of test specimen as received, g,Vw = wet volume, mL,Vw = wet vol
47、ume, cm3,Wd = mass of dried test specimen, g = Wr (100 M)/100,Wd = mass of oven-dried test specimen, g = Wr (100 M)/100,M = moisture, %, andWw = mass of wet (saturated) test specimen, g.9.2 Calculate the moisture-holding capacity in percent as follows:9.2.1 Mass basis, W: As-received:W 5Ww2Wr!3100#/
48、Wr (4)Oven-dried:W 5Ww2Wd!3100#/Wd (5)9.2.2 Volume basis, V:V 5Ww2Wd!3100#/Vw31.0! (6)D2980 173Where 1.0 = Density of Water (g/cm3)9.3 Calculate the dry peat volume, volume (density), P, in percent as follows:P 5Wd3100!/Vw31.4! (7)Where 1.4 = Density of Peat (g/cm3)9.4 Calculate the porocity,porosit
49、y, A, in percent as follows:A 51002V1P! (8)10. ReportReport: Test Data Sheet(s)/Form(s)10.1 The methodology used to specify how data are recorded on the test data sheet(s)/form(s), is given below, is covered in 1.3.10.2 Record as a minimum the following general information (data):10.2.1 Sample/specimen identifying information, such as description and manufacturer of the peat.10.2.2 Any special selection and preparation process.10.2.3 Technician name or initials, method used, and date.10.3 Report the saturated volume mass to the nearest 0.01 g. Repo
