1、Designation: D2983 16Standard Test Method forLow-Temperature Viscosity of Automatic TransmissionFluids, Hydraulic Fluids, and Lubricants using a RotationalViscometer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2983; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigi
2、nal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department o
3、f Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the use of rotational viscom-eters with an appropriate torque range and specific spindle forthe determination of the low-shear-rate viscosity of automatictransmission fluids, gear oils, hydraulic fluids, and somelubricants. This test method covers the v
4、iscosity range of300 mPas to 900 000 mPas1.2 This test method was previously titled “Low-Temperature Viscosity of Lubricants Measured by BrookfieldViscometer.” In the lubricant industry, D2983 test results haveoften been referred to as “Brookfield2Viscosity” which impliesa viscosity determined by th
5、is method.1.3 This test method contains three procedures: ProcedureAis used when only an air bath is used to cool samples inpreparation for viscosity measurement. Procedure B is usedwhen a mechanically refrigerated programmable liquid bath isused to cool samples in preparation for viscosity measurem
6、ent.Procedure C is used when a mechanically refrigerated constanttemperature liquid bath is used to cool samples by means of asimulated air cell (SimAir)3Cell in preparation for viscositymeasurement.1.4 The range of viscosity used to generate the precisiondata for this test method was from 300 mPas
7、to 170 000 mPasat test temperatures from 12 C to 40 C. The ILS alsoincluded viscosities greater than 500 000 mPas and tempera-tures down to 55 C and are included in Appendix X5.Appendix X4 lists another interlaboratory study that specifi-cally targeted hydraulic fluid ranging from 500 mPas to1700 mP
8、as.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5.1 The test method uses the SI unit, milliPascal-second(mPas), as the unit of viscosity. (1 cP = 1 mPas).1.6 WARNINGMercury has been designated by manyregulatory agencies
9、 as a hazardous material that can causecentral nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, orits vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomaterials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury andmercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-terial Safety Data Sheet (MS
10、DS) for details and EPAswebsitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor addi-tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercuryand/or mercury containing products into your state or countrymay be prohibited by law.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any
11、, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D341 Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for
12、LiquidPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, LiquidFuels, and LubricantsD5133 Test Method for Low Temperature, Low Shear Rate,Viscosity/Temperature Dependence of Lubricating OilsUsing a Temperature-Scanning TechniqueD7962 Practice for Determination of Minimum ImmersionDe
13、pth and Assessment of Temperature Sensor Measure-ment Drift1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2016. Published
14、March 2017. Originallyapproved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D2983 15. DOI:10.1520/D2983-16.2Brookfield viscometer and accessories are a trademark of AMETEKBrookfield, Inc, 11 Commerce Blvd., Middleboro, MA 02346, http:/.3SimAir is a trademark of Tannas Co., 4800 James Savage Rd
15、., Midland, MI48642, http:/.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section app
16、ears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Princi
17、ples for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE1137 Specification for Industrial Platinum Resistance Ther-mometersE2877 Guide for
18、 Digital Contact Thermometers2.2 ISO Standard:5ISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence ofTesting and Calibration Laboratories3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 apparent viscosity, nthe determined viscosity ob-tained by use of this test method. D41753.1.1.1 DiscussionApparent viscosity may
19、 vary with thespindle speed (shear rate) of a rotational viscometer if the fluidis non-Newtonian. See Appendix X1 for a brief explanation.3.1.2 digital contact thermometer (DCT), nan electronicdevice consisting of a digital display and associated tempera-ture sensing probe.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThis dev
20、ice consists of a temperaturesensor connected to a measuring instrument; this instrumentmeasures the temperature-dependent quantity of the sensor,computes the temperature from the measured quantity, andprovides a digital output and/or display of the temperature. Thetemperature sensing probe is in co
21、ntact with the material whosetemperature is being measured. These devices are sometimesreferred to as a “digital thermometer” or a “portable electronicthermometer (PET)”.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 blank sample, na Newtonian standard referencefluid used to monitor the te
22、mperature experienced by thesample in the cold-air cabinet by inserting a thermometricdevice while placed in the center of the turntable; this fluidshall have a viscosity as low as possible and be changed on aregular basis.3.2.2 final test temperature, nfor the programmable liquidbath is the test te
23、mperature at which the liquid bath will be heldfor the rest of the 16 h after the cooling profile is completed.3.2.3 intermediate setpoints, nfor the programmable liq-uid bath are the series of setpoints the bath is taken throughwhile the cooling profile is executing. This cooling profilecalculated
24、from A2.2 is automatically executed by the soft-ware.3.2.4 Procedure AThis test protocol utilizes an air bath forthe cooling portion of the test and then requires moving the testcells to either a constant liquid bath or insulated carrier duringthe viscosity analysis.3.2.5 Procedure BThis test protoc
25、ol utilizes a program-mable liquid bath to cool the samples at a pre-determined rateand then the viscosity analysis is performed in the same bath.3.2.6 Procedure CThis test protocol utilizes a constantliquid bath and Sim-Air cells, which allow the samples to coolat the same rate as the air bath, and
26、 be tested within the sameconstant liquid bath.3.2.7 reference viscosity, nviscosity of a Newtonian stan-dard reference fluid specified at each of several user-specifiedtemperatures. Reference viscosities of typical standard refer-ence fluids are listed in Appendix X2.3.2.8 starting temperature, nfo
27、r the programmable liquidbath is the temperature of the liquid bath at which the samplesare loaded into the turn table. This is calculated from A2.2 atzero time. The software provided with the programmableliquid bath automatically calculates this value.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 An oleaginous flui
28、d sample is preheated, allowed tostabilize at room temperature, and then poured to a predeter-mined depth into a glass cell, and an insulated or uninsulatedspindle is inserted through a special stopper and suspended bya clip.An alternative sample preparation is to fill a glass cell orstator to the p
29、redetermined depth with the oleaginous fluid, aninsulated or uninsulated spindle is inserted through a specialstopper and suspended by a clip; then this entire sampleassembly is preheated and allowed to come to room tempera-ture. A reference fluid with a known viscosity value is alsoprepared. The co
30、ntained sample is cooled to a predeterminedtemperature for 16 h and analyzed by a rotational viscometerand, depending on the viscometer model used, the viscosity ofthe test fluid is read directly from the viscometer or theresultant torque reading is used to calculate the viscosity of theoil at the t
31、emperature chosen. The reference fluid is used toverify the test temperature for accuracy purposes.5. Significance and Use5.1 The low-temperature, low-shear-rate viscosity of auto-matic transmission fluids, gear oils, torque and tractor fluids,and industrial and automotive hydraulic oils (see Append
32、ixX4) are of considerable importance to the proper operation ofmany mechanical devices. Measurement of the viscometricproperties of these oils and fluids at low temperatures is oftenused to specify their acceptance for service. This test method isused in a number of specifications.5.2 Initially this
33、 test method was developed to determinewhether an automatic transmission fluid (ATF) would meetOEM low temperature performance criterion originally definedusing a particular model viscometer.6The viscosity rangecovered in the original ATF performance correlation studieswas from less than 1000 mPas t
34、o more than 60 000 mPas. Thesuccess of theATF correlation and the development of this testmethod has over time been applied to other fluids andlubricants such as gear oils, hydraulic fluids, and so forth.5.3 This test method describes how to measure apparentviscosity directly without the errors asso
35、ciated with earliertechniques using extrapolation of experimental viscometricdata obtained at higher temperatures.NOTE 1Low temperature viscosity values obtained by either interpo-lation or extrapolation of oils may be subject to errors caused by gelation5Available from American National Standards I
36、nstitute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.6Selby, T. W., “Automatic Transmission Fluid Viscosity at Low-Temperaturesand Its Effect on Transmission Performance,” Transactions, Society of AutomotiveEngineers, Vol. 68, 1960, pp. 457-465.D2983 162and other forms o
37、f non-Newtonian response to spindle speed and torque.6. Apparatus6.1 Rotational Viscometer7A rotational viscometer with amaximum torque between 0.0670 mNm and 0.0680 mNmand capable of sensing a change in torque of less than0.00067 mNm. It shall acquire torque data at a rate of at least60 times per r
38、evolution and have a selection of spindle speedsconsisting of at least 0.6 rmin, 1.5 rmin, 3.0 rmin, 6.0 rmin,12.0 rmin, 30.0 rmin, and 60.0 rmin. Additional spindlespeeds of 0.3 rmin and 120 rmin are desirable. The viscom-eter is to be calibrated at least yearly.6.2 Viscometer SpindleSpindles confo
39、rming to the follow-ing dimensions (Fig. 1): A 115 mm, B 3.15 mm, C =3.15 mm 6 0.03 mm, D = 31.1 mm 6 0.1 mm and made fromstainless steel or a composite material that is not thermallyconductive. The narrow middle segment shall be 9.5 mm inlength and 1.8 mm in diameter. In the center of the middleseg
40、ment will be a narrow band that is centered in this segmentand 35.6 mm 6 0.5 mm from the bottom of the spindle. Theinsulated spindle shown in Fig. 1 shall have a gap of 4 mm inthe upper segment, which is covered by a material with poorthermal conduction and pinned to both the upper and lowerportions
41、 of the upper segment. The gap is to be placed atapproximately the mid-point of upper segment. A Brookfield(trademarked) #4B2 conforms to these requirements. TheTannas No. 4 composite spindles8must be used in ProcedureC. Uninsulated steel spindles (No. 4) shall only be used withthe Air Bath Method (
42、Procedure A).6.2.1 When using an insulated steel spindle, such as Brook-field No. 4B2 spindle, ensure that both steel ends are firmlyconnected to the insulating section.When a slight twist is givento the two metal sections on either side of the insulatingcylinder, they should not move relative to ea
43、ch other.6.2.2 Periodically (depending on use, but at least every3 months) inspect spindles for run-out (wobble) when attachedto the viscometer. The total run-out of the spindle shall notexceed 1 mm (0 mm 6 0.5 mm).NOTE 2It is good laboratory practice to store spindles in a protectivemanner. Do not
44、leave composite spindles for extended periods in cleaningsolvent.6.3 Test StatorA glass tube of sufficient diameter to haveessentially no influence on the rotation of the spindle comparedto the viscous drag of the test fluid even at viscosities above100 000 mPas.6.3.1 Test Tube Stator(See Fig. 2.) A
45、 commercially stan-dard test tube of approximately 25 mm ID and 115 mm inlength, with a fill line indicating approximately 30 mL.NOTE 3Over time, the fill line may become difficult to see. For liquidbaths, this is especially important, as it ensures that the stator is filled toa point where the spin
46、dle can be properly positioned and have the samplelevel below the fluid level of the bath.6.3.2 SimAir Stator8(See Fig. 2.) The stator portion of aspecial air sealed cell made for this ASTM method. The insidediameter of this stator is 15 mm minimum with a fill mark49 mm below the top of the stator.
47、This results in a samplevolume of approximately 15 mL. The outside diameter of thisstator is 25.3 mm maximum.NOTE 4This patented cell (which also includes a composite rotor,keyed connecting device for quick spindle engagement, and cell stopper)7The sole source of supply known to the committee at thi
48、s time is BrookfieldAMETEK, 11 Commerce Blvd., Middleboro, MA 02346, http:/. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, pleaseprovide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments willreceive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you ma
49、y attend.8The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Tannas Co., 4800 James Savage Rd., Midland, MI, http:/.If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTMInternational Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.FIG. 1 D2983 Spindles FIG. 2 Diagram of Two Forms
