1、Designation: D3053 13Standard Terminology Relating toCarbon Black1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3053; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicat
2、es the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers a compilation of definitions oftechnical terms used in the carbon black and rubber industries.Terms that are generally understood or adequat
3、ely defined inother readily available sources are not included.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1508 Test Method for Carbon Black, Pelleted Fines andAttritionD1509 Test Methods for Carbon BlackHeating LossD1510 Test Method for Carbon BlackIodine AdsorptionNumberD1511 Test Method for Carbo
4、n BlackPellet Size Distri-butionD1513 Test Method for Carbon Black, PelletedPour Den-sityD1514 Test Method for Carbon BlackSieve ResidueD1566 Terminology Relating to RubberD1618 Test Method for Carbon Black ExtractablesTransmittance of Toluene ExtractD1765 Classification System for Carbon Blacks Use
5、d inRubber ProductsD1799 Practice for Carbon BlackSampling PackagedShipmentsD1900 Practice for Carbon BlackSampling Bulk Ship-mentsD1937 Test Method for Carbon Black, PelletedMassStrengthD2414 Test Method for Carbon BlackOil AbsorptionNumber (OAN)D2663 Test Methods for Carbon BlackDispersion in Rub-
6、berD3265 Test Method for Carbon BlackTint StrengthD3313 Test Method for Carbon BlackIndividual PelletHardnessD3493 Test Method for Carbon BlackOil AbsorptionNumber of Compressed Sample (COAN)D3849 Test Method for Carbon BlackMorphologicalCharacterization of Carbon Black Using Electron Micros-copyD52
7、30 Test Method for Carbon BlackAutomated Indi-vidual Pellet HardnessD6086 Test Method for Carbon BlackVoid Volume (VV)D6556 Test Method for Carbon BlackTotal and ExternalSurface Area by Nitrogen AdsorptionD6602 Practice for Sampling and Testing of Possible CarbonBlack Fugitive Emissions or Other Env
8、ironmentalParticulate, or Both3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:aciniform, adjshaped like a cluster of grapes.DISCUSSIONThe spheroidal primary particles of carbon black arefused into aggregates of colloidal dimension forming an aciniformmorphology.carbon black, nan engineered material, primarily compose
9、dof elemental carbon, obtained from the partial combustion orthermal decomposition of hydrocarbons, existing as aggre-gates of aciniform morphology which are composed ofspheroidal primary particles which exhibit uniformity ofprimary particle sizes within a given aggregate3and tur-bostratic layering
10、within the primary particles.DISCUSSIONCarbon black exhibits a hierarchy of morphologicalfeatures: particles (for example, primary particles), aggregates andagglomerates. While the fundamental building block of carbon black isthe primary particle, they almost never exist alone,3but are stronglyfused
11、 into aggregates. The primary particles are conceptual in nature, inthat once the aggregate is formed the primary particle no longer exists,they are no longer discrete, and have no physical boundaries amongstthem. As produced, the aggregates are held together by van der Waalsforces and form agglomer
12、ates that do not break down into smallercomponents unless adequate force is applied (for example, shear force).Particle and aggregate sizes are distributional properties and varydepending on the carbon black grade. Transmission electron micro-graphs shown in Annex A1 of Practice D6602 demonstrate th
13、at while1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D24 on CarbonBlack and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D24.41 on Carbon BlackNomenclature and Terminology.Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published July 2013. Originally approvedin 1972. Last previous edition a
14、pproved in 2010 as D3053 10. DOI: 10.1520/D3053-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The one e
15、xception to this general characteristic of manufactured carbon blackinvolves thermal black where primary particle sizes within the aggregate are notuniform.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1primary particle and aggregate
16、 sizes vary greatly within a given gradeof carbon black, the primary particle size is essentially uniform withinan individual aggregate.carbon black, carcass grade, na type of furnace carbonblack having an average nitrogen surface area in the range of21 to 69 m2/g.DISCUSSIONCarcass-grade carbon blac
17、ks are produced by the oilfurnace process. The use of these grades in the rubber industry is notlimited to the carcass portion of the tire. These grades are designatedwith an “N” first character and a second character of “4, 5, 6, or 7” inTable 1 of Classification D1765. See Terminology D1566 for th
18、edefinition of carcass.carbon black, furnace, na type of carbon black produced bythe decomposition reaction of hydrocarbons when injectedinto a high-velocity stream of combustion gases undercontrolled conditions.carbon black, hard, nSee carbon black, tread grade, thepreferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carb
19、on blacks provide some level of reinforcementwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used. See Terminology D1566 for thedefinition of reinforcement.carbon black, semi-reinforcing, nSee carbon black, car-cass grade, the preferred term.DISCUS
20、SIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcementwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used. See Terminology D1566 for thedefinition of reinforcement.carbon black, soft, nSee carbon black, carcass grade, thepreferred term.DISCUSSI
21、ONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcementwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used. See Terminology D1566 for thedefinition of reinforcement.carbon black, surface activity, nthe inherent ability of thecarbon black surface t
22、o interact physically or chemically, orboth, with rubber or other molecules.carbon black, target value, na consensus value for selectedprimary properties on which producers center their manu-facturing process and users center their specification.DISCUSSIONTarget values for carbon black properties ar
23、e shown inClassification D1765 for most rubber grade carbon blacks currently incommerce.carbon black, thermal, na type of carbon black producedunder controlled conditions by the thermal decomposition ofhydrocarbons in the absence of air or flames.DISCUSSIONThese grades are designated with an “N” fir
24、st characterand a second character of “8 or 9” in Table 1 of Classification D1765.carbon black, thermal, acetylenic, na thermal black pro-duced from acetylene gas.carbon black, tread grade, na type of furnace carbon blackhaving an average nitrogen surface area of 70 m2/g orgreater.DISCUSSIONTread gr
25、ade carbon blacks are produced by the oilfurnace process. The use of these grades in the rubber industry is notlimited to the tread portion of the tire. These grades are designated withan “N” first character and a second character of “0, 1, 2, or 3” in Table 1of Classification D1765.carbon black, ty
26、pical value, na consensus value for thosecarbon black properties that are not specifically targeted forcontrol in the manufacturing process and that are somewhatdependent upon the targeted properties.DISCUSSIONTypical values for carbon black properties are shown inClassification D1765 for most rubbe
27、r grade carbon blacks currently incommerce. These are consensus values based upon the range in valuessupplied by the manufacturers. Typical values are useful in makingcomparisons between grades but they are not the set-point targets forthe process and may be expected to differ significantly betweenp
28、roducers.carbon black agglomerate, na cluster of physically boundand entangled aggregates.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D3849.carbon black aggregate, na discrete, rigid, colloidal mass ofextensively coalesced particles; it is the smallest dispersibleunit.carbon black microstructure, narrangement of carb
29、onatoms within a carbon black particle.carbon black particle, na small spheroidally shaped(paracrystalline, non-discrete) component of a carbon blackaggregate; it is separable from the aggregate only byfracturing.carbon black particle diameter, narithmetic average of thediameters of particles within
30、 a carbon black aggregate asmeasured by electron microscopy.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D3849.carbon black pellet, na relatively large agglomerate massthat has been densified in spheroidal form to facilitatehandling and processing.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1511.carbon black reinforcing, nSee carbon b
31、lack, treadgrade, the preferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcementwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used. See Terminology D1566 for thedefinition of reinforcement.carbon black structure, nthe quality
32、of irregularity anddeviation from sphericity of the shape of a carbon blackaggregate.carbon black weight mean particle size, nratio equal to thesum of individual particle diameters, each raised to thefourth power, divided by the sum of the individual particlediameters, raised to the third pressed oi
33、l absorption number (COAN), nSee oilabsorption number of compressed sample, the preferredterm.dispersion, ndegree of uniform distribution of a fillersprimary unit (i.e., aggregate of carbon black) into a com-pound. See also macro-dispersion, micro-dispersion, andvisual dispersion.D3053 132fines, nth
34、at portion of pelleted carbon black that passesthrough a specified sieve under standard conditions.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1508.heating loss, nmass loss, in percent, when carbon black isheated at 125C for 1 h; the heating loss is primarilyattributed to moisture content.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods
35、D1509.individual pellet hardness, nthe force required to fractureor crush a carbon black pellet.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D3313 and D5230.iodine adsorption number, nthe number of grams of iodineadsorbed per kilogram of carbon black under specifiedconditions.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1510.lot, na q
36、uantity of carbon black that is essentially uniform incomposition and characteristics.lot sample, na quantity of carbon black selected to representa lot for testing purposes and taken in accordance withPractice D1799 or D1900.macro-dispersion, ndegree of distribution of filler into acompound that ca
37、n be assessed with the aid of instrumenta-tion including but not limited to a light microscope,profilometer, or interferometric microscope, generally on ascale of less than 100 m but greater than 2 m.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D2663.mass strength, na measure of the tendency for carbon blackpellets t
38、o pack together and to influence flow in a bulkhandling system.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1937.material, na quantity of carbon black with unique compo-sition and characteristics.moisture content, nthe percentage, by mass, of waterabsorbed and adsorbed by carbon black.DISCUSSIONSee heating loss.micro
39、-dispersion, ndegree of distribution of a fillers pri-mary unit (that is, aggregate of carbon black) into acompound that can be assessed with the aid of instrumenta-tion including but not limited to an electron microscope orscanning probe microscope, generally on a scale of less than2 m.nanomaterial
40、, nmaterial with any external dimension in thenanoscale or having internal structure or surface structure inthe nanoscale.DISCUSSIONCarbon black exhibits aciniform morphology com-posed of spheroidal “primary particles” strongly fused together to formdiscrete entities called aggregates.4The primary p
41、articles are concep-tual in nature, in that once the aggregate is formed the “primaryparticle” no longer exists, they are no longer discrete, and have nophysical boundaries amongst them. The aggregates are loosely heldtogether by weaker forces forming larger entities called agglomerates.The agglomer
42、ates will break down into aggregates if adequate force isapplied (for example, shear force). Aggregates are the smallest dispers-ible unit.4Carbon black is placed on the market in the form ofagglomerates. Following the definition and using the terminology of theISO Technical Committee 229 “Nanotechn
43、ologies,” carbon black isconsidered a nanostructured material (material having internal orsurface structure in the nanoscale).nanoparticle, na nano-object with all three external dimen-sions in the nanoscale size range (that is, approximately 1 to100 nm).DISCUSSIONCarbon black exhibits aciniform mor
44、phology com-posed of spheroidal “primary particles” strongly fused together to formdiscrete entities called aggregates.4The primary particles are concep-tual in nature, in that once the aggregate is formed the “primaryparticle” no longer exists, they are no longer discrete, and have nophysical bound
45、aries amongst them. The aggregates are loosely heldtogether by weaker forces forming larger entities called agglomerates.The agglomerates will break down into aggregates if adequate force isapplied (for example, shear force). Aggregates are the smallest dispers-ible unit.4Carbon black is placed on t
46、he market in the form ofagglomerates. Following the definition and using the terminology of theISO Technical Committee 229 “Nanotechnologies,” carbon black isconsidered a nanostructured material (material having internal orsurface structure in the nanoscale).nitrogen surface area (NSA), nthe total s
47、urface area ofcarbon black that is calculated from nitrogen adsorption datausing the B.E.T. theory.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D6556.oil absorption number (OAN), nthe number of cubiccentimetres of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) or paraffin oil ab-sorbed by 100 g of carbon black under specified conditions.DIS
48、CUSSIONThe OAN value is proportional to the degree ofaggregation of structure level of the carbon black. See Test MethodsD2414 and D3493.oil absorption number of compressed sample (COAN),nthe number of cubic centimetres of dibutyl phthalate(DBP) or paraffin oil absorbed by 100 g of carbon black afte
49、rbeing compressed four times in a compression cylinder at165 MPa (24 000 psi) under specified conditions.DISCUSSIONThe COAN value gives some measure of the stability ofthe structure of the carbon black. See Test Methods D2414 and D3493.oil furnace process, na process for producing furnacecarbon blacks that uses oil as the source of hydrocarbons fordecomposition by injection into a high-velocity stream ofcombustion gases.DISCUSSIONOil or natural gas are typically used as combustion fu
