1、Designation: D3053 13aStandard Terminology Relating toCarbon Black1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3053; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indica
2、tes the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers a compilation of definitions oftechnical terms used in the carbon black and rubber industries.Terms that are generally understood or adequa
3、tely defined inother readily available sources are not included.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1508 Test Method for Carbon Black, Pelleted Fines andAttritionD1509 Test Methods for Carbon BlackHeating LossD1510 Test Method for Carbon BlackIodine AdsorptionNumberD1511 Test Method for Carb
4、on BlackPellet Size Distri-butionD1513 Test Method for Carbon Black, PelletedPour Den-sityD1514 Test Method for Carbon BlackSieve ResidueD1566 Terminology Relating to RubberD1618 Test Method for Carbon Black ExtractablesTransmittance of Toluene ExtractD1765 Classification System for Carbon Blacks Us
5、ed inRubber ProductsD1799 Practice for Carbon BlackSampling PackagedShipmentsD1900 Practice for Carbon BlackSampling Bulk Ship-mentsD1937 Test Method for Carbon Black, PelletedMassStrengthD2414 Test Method for Carbon BlackOil AbsorptionNumber (OAN)D2663 Test Methods for Carbon BlackDispersion in Rub
6、-berD3265 Test Method for Carbon BlackTint StrengthD3313 Test Method for Carbon BlackIndividual PelletHardnessD3493 Test Method for Carbon BlackOil AbsorptionNumber of Compressed Sample (COAN)D3849 Test Method for Carbon BlackMorphologicalCharacterization of Carbon Black Using Electron Micros-copyD5
7、230 Test Method for Carbon BlackAutomated Indi-vidual Pellet HardnessD6086 Test Method for Carbon BlackVoid Volume (VV)D6556 Test Method for Carbon BlackTotal and ExternalSurface Area by Nitrogen AdsorptionD6602 Practice for Sampling and Testing of Possible CarbonBlack Fugitive Emissions or Other En
8、vironmentalParticulate, or Both3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:aciniform, adjshaped like a cluster of grapes.DISCUSSIONThe spheroidal primary particles of carbon black arefused into aggregates of colloidal dimension forming an aciniformmorphology.carbon black, nan engineered material, primarily compos
9、edof elemental carbon, obtained from the partial combustion orthermal decomposition of hydrocarbons, existing as aggre-gates of aciniform morphology which are composed ofspheroidal primary particles which exhibit uniformity ofprimary particle sizes within a given aggregate3and tur-bostratic layering
10、 within the primary particles.DISCUSSIONCarbon black exhibits a hierarchy of morphologicalfeatures: particles (that is, primary particles), aggregates, and agglom-erates. While the fundamental building block of carbon black is theprimary particle, they almost never exist in isolation, but are strong
11、lyfused by covalent bonds into aggregates.3The primary particles areconceptual in nature, in that once the aggregate is formed the primaryparticle no longer exists, they are no longer discrete and have nophysical boundaries amongst them. Once produced, individual aggre-gates join together by van der
12、 Waals forces to form agglomerates.Agglomerates do not break down into smaller components unlessadequate force is applied (for example, shear force). Primary particleand aggregate sizes are distributional properties and vary depending on1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D
13、24 on CarbonBlack and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D24.41 on Carbon BlackNomenclature and Terminology.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013. Published December 2013. Originallyapproved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D3053 13. DOI:10.1520/D3053-13A.2For referenced
14、ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The one exception to this general characteristic of manufactured carbon blac
15、kis thermal black, in which primary particles may exist in isolation and the primaryparticle sizes within an aggregate are not necessarily uniform.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1the carbon black grade. Transmission el
16、ectron micrographs shown inAnnex A1 of Practice D6602 demonstrate that while primary particleand aggregate sizes vary greatly within a given grade of carbon black,the primary particle size is essentially uniform within an individualaggregate.3carbon black, carcass grade, na type of furnace carbonbla
17、ck having an average nitrogen surface area in the range of21 to 69 m2/g.DISCUSSIONCarcass-grade carbon blacks are produced by the oilfurnace process. The use of these grades in the rubber industry is notlimited to the carcass portion of the tire. These grades are designatedwith an “N” first characte
18、r and a second character of “4, 5, 6, or 7” inTable 1 of Classification D1765. See Terminology D1566 for thedefinition of carcass.carbon black, furnace, na type of carbon black produced bythe decomposition reaction of hydrocarbons when injectedinto a high-velocity stream of combustion gases undercon
19、trolled conditions.carbon black, hard, nSee carbon black, tread grade, thepreferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcementwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used. See Terminology D1566 for thedefinition of
20、 reinforcement.carbon black, semi-reinforcing, nSee carbon black, car-cass grade, the preferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcementwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used. See Terminology D1566 for thed
21、efinition of reinforcement.carbon black, soft, nSee carbon black, carcass grade, thepreferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcementwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used. See Terminology D1566 for thedef
22、inition of reinforcement.carbon black, surface activity, nthe inherent ability of thecarbon black surface to interact physically or chemically, orboth, with rubber or other molecules.carbon black, target value, na consensus value for selectedprimary properties on which producers center their manu-fa
23、cturing process and users center their specification.DISCUSSIONTarget values for carbon black properties are shown inClassification D1765 for most rubber grade carbon blacks currently incommerce.carbon black, thermal, na type of carbon black producedunder controlled conditions by the thermal decompo
24、sition ofhydrocarbons in the absence of air or flames.DISCUSSIONThese grades are designated with an “N” first characterand a second character of “8 or 9” in Table 1 of Classification D1765.carbon black, thermal, acetylenic, na thermal black pro-duced from acetylene gas.carbon black, tread grade, na
25、type of furnace carbon blackhaving an average nitrogen surface area of 70 m2/g orgreater.DISCUSSIONTread grade carbon blacks are produced by the oilfurnace process. The use of these grades in the rubber industry is notlimited to the tread portion of the tire. These grades are designated withan “N” f
26、irst character and a second character of “0, 1, 2, or 3” in Table 1of Classification D1765.carbon black, typical value, na consensus value for thosecarbon black properties that are not specifically targeted forcontrol in the manufacturing process and that are somewhatdependent upon the targeted prop
27、erties.DISCUSSIONTypical values for carbon black properties are shown inClassification D1765 for most rubber grade carbon blacks currently incommerce. These are consensus values based upon the range in valuessupplied by the manufacturers. Typical values are useful in makingcomparisons between grades
28、 but they are not the set-point targets forthe process and may be expected to differ significantly betweenproducers.carbon black agglomerate, na cluster of physically boundand entangled aggregates.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D3849.carbon black aggregate, na discrete, rigid, colloidal mass ofextensivel
29、y coalesced particles; it is the smallest dispersibleunit.carbon black microstructure, narrangement of carbonatoms within a carbon black particle.carbon black particle, na small spheroidally shaped(paracrystalline, non-discrete) component of a carbon blackaggregate; it is separable from the aggregat
30、e only byfracturing.carbon black particle diameter, narithmetic average of thediameters of particles within a carbon black aggregate asmeasured by electron microscopy.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D3849.carbon black pellet, na relatively large agglomerate massthat has been densified in spheroidal form t
31、o facilitatehandling and processing.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1511.carbon black reinforcing, nSee carbon black, treadgrade, the preferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcementwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and
32、amount used. See Terminology D1566 for thedefinition of reinforcement.carbon black structure, nthe quality of irregularity anddeviation from sphericity of the shape of a carbon blackaggregate.carbon black weight mean particle size, nratio equal to thesum of individual particle diameters, each raised
33、 to thefourth power, divided by the sum of the individual particlediameters, raised to the third pressed oil absorption number (COAN), nSee oilabsorption number of compressed sample, the preferredterm.dispersion, ndegree of uniform distribution of a fillersprimary unit (i.e., aggregate of carbon bla
34、ck) into a com-pound. See also macro-dispersion, micro-dispersion, andvisual dispersion.D3053 13a2fines, nthat portion of pelleted carbon black that passesthrough a specified sieve under standard conditions.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1508.heating loss, nmass loss, in percent, when carbon black ishea
35、ted at 125C for 1 h; the heating loss is primarilyattributed to moisture content.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D1509.individual pellet hardness, nthe force required to fractureor crush a carbon black pellet.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D3313 and D5230.iodine adsorption number, nthe number of grams of iod
36、ineadsorbed per kilogram of carbon black under specifiedconditions.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1510.lot, na quantity of carbon black that is essentially uniform incomposition and characteristics.lot sample, na quantity of carbon black selected to representa lot for testing purposes and taken in accor
37、dance withPractice D1799 or D1900.macro-dispersion, ndegree of distribution of filler into acompound that can be assessed with the aid of instrumenta-tion including but not limited to a light microscope,profilometer, or interferometric microscope, generally on ascale of less than 100 m but greater t
38、han 2 m.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D2663.mass strength, na measure of the tendency for carbon blackpellets to pack together and to influence flow in a bulkhandling system.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1937.material, na quantity of carbon black with unique compo-sition and characteristics.moisture conte
39、nt, nthe percentage, by mass, of waterabsorbed and adsorbed by carbon black.DISCUSSIONSee heating loss.micro-dispersion, ndegree of distribution of a fillers pri-mary unit (that is, aggregate of carbon black) into acompound that can be assessed with the aid of instrumenta-tion including but not limi
40、ted to an electron microscope orscanning probe microscope, generally on a scale of less than2 m.nanomaterial, nmaterial with any external dimension in thenanoscale or having internal structure or surface structure inthe nanoscale.DISCUSSIONCarbon black exhibits aciniform morphology com-posed of sphe
41、roidal “primary particles” strongly fused together to formdiscrete entities called aggregates.4The primary particles are concep-tual in nature, in that once the aggregate is formed the “primaryparticle” no longer exists, they are no longer discrete, and have nophysical boundaries amongst them. The a
42、ggregates are loosely heldtogether by weaker forces forming larger entities called agglomerates.The agglomerates will break down into aggregates if adequate force isapplied (for example, shear force). Aggregates are the smallest dispers-ible unit.4Carbon black is placed on the market in the form ofa
43、gglomerates. Following the definition and using the terminology of theISO Technical Committee 229 “Nanotechnologies,” carbon black isconsidered a nanostructured material (material having internal orsurface structure in the nanoscale).nanoparticle, na nano-object with all three external dimen-sions i
44、n the nanoscale size range (that is, approximately 1 to100 nm).DISCUSSIONCarbon black exhibits aciniform morphology com-posed of spheroidal “primary particles” strongly fused together to formdiscrete entities called aggregates.4The primary particles are concep-tual in nature, in that once the aggreg
45、ate is formed the “primaryparticle” no longer exists, they are no longer discrete, and have nophysical boundaries amongst them. The aggregates are loosely heldtogether by weaker forces forming larger entities called agglomerates.The agglomerates will break down into aggregates if adequate force isap
46、plied (for example, shear force). Aggregates are the smallest dispers-ible unit.4Carbon black is placed on the market in the form ofagglomerates. Following the definition and using the terminology of theISO Technical Committee 229 “Nanotechnologies,” carbon black isconsidered a nanostructured materi
47、al (material having internal orsurface structure in the nanoscale).nitrogen surface area (NSA), nthe total surface area ofcarbon black that is calculated from nitrogen adsorption datausing the B.E.T. theory.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D6556.oil absorption number (OAN), nthe number of cubiccentimetres
48、of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) or paraffin oil ab-sorbed by 100 g of carbon black under specified conditions.DISCUSSIONThe OAN value is proportional to the degree ofaggregation of structure level of the carbon black. See Test MethodsD2414 and D3493.oil absorption number of compressed sample (COAN),nthe
49、number of cubic centimetres of dibutyl phthalate(DBP) or paraffin oil absorbed by 100 g of carbon black afterbeing compressed four times in a compression cylinder at165 MPa (24 000 psi) under specified conditions.DISCUSSIONThe COAN value gives some measure of the stability ofthe structure of the carbon black. See Test Methods D2414 and D3493.oil furnace process, na process for producing furnacecarbon blacks that uses oil as the source of hydrocarbons fordecomposition by injection into
